Lope de Aguirre was born in 1510 and then died in 1561. As a man, Aguirre served as a Spanish rebel and adventurer. Aguirre’s focus was on colonial South America. Unfortunately, as a rebel, Aguirre was known for being involved in many violent and sedition events prior to joining his expedition with Pedro de Ursua in 1560, which headed to Maranon and the Amazon.

Lope de Aguirre was known for many things but probably most importantly, as being one of the men who overthrew and killed Ursua. After that killing, Aguirre killed Ursua’s successor, a man by the name of Fernando de Guzman. After Guzman’s death, Aguirre took command. On one expedition, Aguirre and his men reached the Atlantic. Historians believe this expedition was probably somewhere along the Orinoco River.

On his way, he wantonly laid waste to native villages. Then in 1561, Aguirre seized Margarita Island, holding it in sheer terror under his demeaning control. Afterwards, Aguirre crossed over to the mainland, trying to take Panama. With this, he openly proclaimed rebellion directly against the Spanish crown. However, becoming surrounded in Venezuela, Aguirre was desperate, choosing to murder his own daughter. Even so, Aguirre surrendered. However, he was still shot dead.

Juan Sebastian del Cano was born in 1476. As a Spanish navigator, Cano lived until 1526 at the age of 50. During his time as a navigator, Cano was the first to travel around the world by ship. Being under Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano commanded the ship Concepcion. Then after Magellan died in the Philippines, Cano took over command of this particular expedition.

Heading from the Philippines, Cano headed to the Molucca Islands. From there, he sailed many new waters finally arriving in Spain on the ship Victoria along with 18, loyal men, arriving in the early fall of 1522. Then three years later in 1525, Cano set sail on his second voyage, this time heading to Moluccas. Cano chose to use Magellan’s route. Unfortunately, while on this expedition and crossing the Pacific Ocean, Juan Sebastian del Cano lost his life.

Juan Ponce de Leon was born in the province of Campos in 1460. Growing up to become a Spanish officer, he lived until the summer of 1521 when he died in Cuba. Coming from an Aragon family, he served against the Moors of Granada and according to some historians; he sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 to Hispaniola. However, other historians believe he only sailed with Nicolas de Ovando in 1502.

Regardless, de Leon was very active in the pacification of the country, soon becoming the governor of the province of Higuey, the location where natives had frequent activity with the people of the island. This island known as Borinquen went on to become today’s Puerto Rico. After that, de Leon gained valuable information about the island. Finding it to be abundant of gold, he was granted permission to take control of it.

Then in 1508, de Leon sailed with 80 Spanish adventurers, as well as a few Indians. Within just a few days at sea, they arrived in Borinquen and was welcomed by the native Indians. Aguainaba, the primary cacique showed him the various areas of the island and while roaming about, he gathered several gold samples. At this, de Leon discovered something else - rich, fertile soil.

Just a year later, de Leon went back to Hispaniola with a report about his trip. With that, he was searching for re-enforcement but unfortunately, the current governor, Diego Columbus, sent Diego Ceron on the expedition. However, he sent de Leon on the expedition to serve as Ceron’s lieutenant. With the protection of Ovando under the court of Spain, the governorship of Borinquen was claimed in 1510. Ceron was then sent to Hispaniola where the first city was constructed called Caparra.

Not long after, the Indians were distributed among the officers, the same as he had done while in Hispaniola. However, Aguainabo’s brother and success also called Aguaninabo began fighting to banish all of the invaders. Unfortunately, he was defeated and the native Indians of Caribs were called to help but de Leon took control over the entire island. In the first part of 1512, de Leon was not given his rightful governorship but in poor health and suffering from a number of wounds, he decided to head out in search of the fountain of youth. He had learned from earlier reports from the Indians that this place was on an island known as Bimini.

Collecting as many followers and adventurers as he could, they set sail in the early part of 1512. With them, they took three caravels, leaving from San German. On the way, they made several stops on Bahamas islands and were told that the fountain of youth was actually further west. Then just a few days later, he landed in today’s city of St. Augustine to the north. There, he discovered an abundance of vegetation so he called the island Florida Island. He then set sail again, following the coast to Corrientes. However, not finding the fountain of youth, de Leon headed back to Puerto Rico in the fall of that same year.

From there, de Leon sailed to Spain, obtaining the title of Adelantado of Bimini and Florida for him and his successors. By 1515, he left Seville with his three caravels, reaching Puerto Rico. Once there, he discovered that Caribs had been virtually overpowered by Spanish garrison. Determined to expel them, he stayed. While there, he also founded an island to the south known as the city of Ponce. In the early spring of 1521, de Leon decided to try again to conquer Florida. This time, he sailed with two vessels, leaving San German and landing about 50 miles to the south of his previous landing spot.

As he explored the land, he found warlike natives. Encountering them on several occasions, he had no choice but to re-embark, sadly losing just about all of the people that had accompanied him. Not wishing to return to Puerto Rico after being badly defeated, de Leon sailed to the island of Cuba where he would retire. Unfortunately, having been shot earlier with a poisoned arrow, he soon died of his wounds. His remains were taken to the city of San Juan de Puerto Pico where they reside in the San Jose Church. Today, you will find an erected monument in his honor.

Born in 1536, this Spanish explorer and navigator was the one that discovered the Jan Fernandez Islands, along with the San Felix and San Ambrosio Islands among the Pacific islands. As you approach the San Fernandez Islands, you cannot help but feel a little overwhelmed by their beauty. You can only imagine what Fernandez must have felt on his unbelievable journey. Juan Fernandez was also the explorer who first discovered Robinson Crusoe Island in 1574. This particular discovery was dedicated to his land of Spain, thus naming the three primary islands Mas Afuera, known today as Alejandro Selkirk, Santa Clara, with the same name, and Mas a Tierra, today being the Robinson Crusoe Island.

As Fernandez followed the wishes of the Crown, he soon settled the islands, bringing with him some 60 Indians, chickens, and goats. Soon, the fur seals that lived on the island were killed and their natural oils extracted and sold in Peru for a lot of money. The ship that Fernandez used for shipping products eventually sank, causing him to lose all his capital. With this, the Crown denied him petition of supremacy when he arrived in Chile. By this time, Fernandez was old and tired, choosing to move to Quillota in Central Chile.

The islands Fernandez had discovered were terribly neglected by the Crown and they soon became a place for pirates and buccaneers to live and position themselves for attack on Peru and Chile. During this time, just a few visitors from ships would come so the goats that Fernandez had originally brought to the island multiplied. Almost 100 years later, a Jesuit by the name of Diego de Rosales arrived on the islands, stopping at Robinson Crusoe Island. Rosales stayed just a few days, long enough to plant vegetables and trees so crews of future ships could be fed.

As we look at the history of the Fernandez Islands, we see that a large number of explorers, sailors, and pirates stopped at Mas a Tierra during the 17th century. Of these, the most famous was the ship Cinque Ports when in 1704, Alexander Selkirk, just 24 years old, abandoned his ship after having a quarrel with the captain. Staying at Mas a Tierra Island, Selkirk lived there for four years and four months alone when finally, the British ship, Duke being commanded by Captain Woodes Rogers rescued him.

Then just a few years later, an author named Daniel Defoe heard about the woes of Selkirk, choosing to write about his great adventure. The outcome of his writings was the character of Robinson Crusoe that we have all come to know and love. Today, the only living mammal on the islands is the fur seal, which had earlier been exploited. With great efforts, we now see the seal thriving. Finally, during some seasons, you will be fortunate enough to see various species of the dolphin, particularly the Bottle Nose.

Born in Lebrija, Spain in 1471, Juan Diaz de Solis was born. Becoming a Spanish navigator, Solis eventually died in 1516 in South America but not before leaving his mark on history. For starters, Solis sailed from Cadiz in 1506 with Vicente Yafiez Pinzon, being in command of a carvel and taking the same course that Christopher Columbus took from the Island of Guanajoz when trying to find new countries. Coming into the Gulf of Mexico, Solis discovered the Yucatan coast, along with the bay of Campeachy, known at that time as the Gulf of the Nativity. From that vantage point, he and his crew were able to enjoy the Curia mountain range.

The following year, Solis returned to Spain where the king appointed him, along with Collado and Amerigo Vespucci, council pilots that would reside over the king. At that time, it was decided that the exploration of the Atlantic Coast of South America would continue. Shortly after, Solis was appointed as commander. Leaving in 1508 from Sevlle with two carvefs, one of the ships was commanded by Yanez Pinzon. Heading out from Cape Verde islands, the vessels made it to Cape St. Augustine and then headed south.

Traveling on, they recognized the coastline and stopped at a number of points taking possession of the land in the name of Spain’s king. As a part of this ritual, crosses were erected along their journey for each land claimed. Solis began fighting with Pinzon, making the decision to return to Spain. For some reason, the king deemed Solis guilty, ordering him to spend time in prison. However, he was found innocent, which resulted in him receiving 34,000 maravedis indemnity along with a number of distinctions. In addition, when Vespucci died, Solis was granted the title of Chief Pilot over the entire kingdom.

By 1515, Solis started another expedition, this time taking possession of South America. In October of that same year, he also sailed from Lepe in Spain with two ships, discovering several points on the coast as he entered Rio de Janeiro. From there, Solis sailed south where he discovered yet another island, which he named La Plata. Heading south yet again, he came upon land in a bay, which he named Bahia de los Perdios. On his way, he sailed past Cape Corrientes, stopping to visit the island of San Sebastian, which Solis chose to call Lobos. Then as he came into Nuestra SerSora de la Candelaria’s port, he took possession again of the country in the name of Spain’s king.

Soon after, Solis anchored in a wide river that he thought was an ocean arm. Because of that, he called it Sweet Sea but when he discovered it was not a part of the ocean but an actual river, he changed its name to Solis. Today, that same river is known as River Plate. As one of Solis’ ships came into the river, he spotted Indians standing on the shoreline. There, he landed with a few of his sailors, interested in capturing several of the aboriginals to bring back to Spain as a gift for the king. However, he failed. Being ambushed, he and boat sailors were killed where the members of his crew onboard the ship could see them being roasted and eaten.

Hernan Cortes was born in 1458, living a full life until 1547. During his prime, Cortes was a Spanish conquistador in search of Mexico. In 1504, Cortes headed to Hispaniola. Then seven years later, he accompanied Diego de Velazquez on another expedition, this time to Cuba. With hard work, he was chosen in 1518 to head up another expedition back to Mexico. While Velazquez later tried to recall this commission, he set sail anyway the following year.

While in Yucatan, Cortes was rescued by a Spaniard who he learned had mastered the Mayan language. Then after a victory over Tabasco’s native people, Cortes secured the services of a female slave by the name of Malincha who knew both the Mayan and Aztec language. Heading up the coastline, Cortes founded Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. Shortly after, he was appointed as Captain General, discarding Velazquez’s authority. With that, Cortes became accountable only to Charles V.

Learning that the Aztec Empire of Montezuma was in trouble, he became the deliverer, rallying the Totonacs to his aid. In addition, Cortes started negotiations with Montezuma. Cutting holes in his ships, Cortes tried to stop any of Velazquez’s sympathizers returning to Cuba. Then his most famous march to Tenochtitlan, which is today’s Mexico City, to the Aztec Empire’s capital. There, the Tlaxcalan warriors were defeated and a new alliance formed with the republic of Tlaxcala, which virtually destroyed Cholula.

Arriving in Tenochtitlan in 1519, Cortes accepted Montezuma as being descendants of the Spanish. He believed they were the god of Quetzalcoatl. Taking the opportunity, Cortes literally took Montezuma hostage, trying to become the “governor” over the people and the region. By the spring of 1520, Cortes headed to the coast. This time, a force led by Panfilo de Narvaez was defeated. With Alvarado left in command, many of the Aztec Indians were massacred. Shortly thereafter, the Aztecs besieged the Spanish. Unfortunately, Montezuma was killed in the ensuing battle. Trying to find safety, the Spanish made their way out of the city but not without huge losses.

Still in a retreat mode, an Aztec army was defeated at Otumba. Then, Cortes retired to Tlaxcala. The following year, Cortes headed an attack on the capital. After a three-month battle, Tenochtitlan finally fell. Sadly, with this fall, the Aztec empire also fell. Cortes was the Captain General so he lengthened the conquest by sending various expeditions to various parts of Mexico, as well as northern Central America. From 1524 to 1526, Cortes headed to Honduras, at which time he killed Cuauhtemoc, who was the Aztec emperor.

During his absence, Cortes’ enemies slowly became triumphant. However, once he returned, his power became fictitious. Interesting, while he visited Spain in1528, Cortes was given the title of Marques del Valle de Oaxaca. However, Charles V still refused to give him the title of governor. Even so, Cortes headed to Mexico where he sent out maritime expeditions vainly, being frustrated numerous times by Nuno de Guzman. Quarreling with the Viceroy named Antonio de Mendoza; Cortes tried for justice in Spain again in 1540. However, he was not supported by the court and soon died.

Hernan Cortes was born in 1458, living a full life until 1547. During his prime, Cortes was a Spanish conquistador in search of Mexico. In 1504, Cortes headed to Hispaniola. Then seven years later, he accompanied Diego de Velazquez on another expedition, this time to Cuba. With hard work, he was chosen in 1518 to head up another expedition back to Mexico. While Velazquez later tried to recall this commission, he set sail anyway the following year.

While in Yucatan, Cortes was rescued by a Spaniard who he learned had mastered the Mayan language. Then after a victory over Tabasco’s native people, Cortes secured the services of a female slave by the name of Malincha who knew both the Mayan and Aztec language. Heading up the coastline, Cortes founded Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. Shortly after, he was appointed as Captain General, discarding Velazquez’s authority. With that, Cortes became accountable only to Charles V.

Learning that the Aztec Empire of Montezuma was in trouble, he became the deliverer, rallying the Totonacs to his aid. In addition, Cortes started negotiations with Montezuma. Cutting holes in his ships, Cortes tried to stop any of Velazquez’s sympathizers returning to Cuba. Then his most famous march to Tenochtitlan, which is today’s Mexico City, to the Aztec Empire’s capital. There, the Tlaxcalan warriors were defeated and a new alliance formed with the republic of Tlaxcala, which virtually destroyed Cholula.

Arriving in Tenochtitlan in 1519, Cortes accepted Montezuma as being descendants of the Spanish. He believed they were the god of Quetzalcoatl. Taking the opportunity, Cortes literally took Montezuma hostage, trying to become the “governor” over the people and the region. By the spring of 1520, Cortes headed to the coast. This time, a force led by Panfilo de Narvaez was defeated. With Alvarado left in command, many of the Aztec Indians were massacred. Shortly thereafter, the Aztecs besieged the Spanish. Unfortunately, Montezuma was killed in the ensuing battle. Trying to find safety, the Spanish made their way out of the city but not without huge losses.

Still in a retreat mode, an Aztec army was defeated at Otumba. Then, Cortes retired to Tlaxcala. The following year, Cortes headed an attack on the capital. After a three-month battle, Tenochtitlan finally fell. Sadly, with this fall, the Aztec empire also fell. Cortes was the Captain General so he lengthened the conquest by sending various expeditions to various parts of Mexico, as well as northern Central America. From 1524 to 1526, Cortes headed to Honduras, at which time he killed Cuauhtemoc, who was the Aztec emperor.

During his absence, Cortes’ enemies slowly became triumphant. However, once he returned, his power became fictitious. Interesting, while he visited Spain in1528, Cortes was given the title of Marques del Valle de Oaxaca. However, Charles V still refused to give him the title of governor. Even so, Cortes headed to Mexico where he sent out maritime expeditions vainly, being frustrated numerous times by Nuno de Guzman. Quarreling with the Viceroy named Antonio de Mendoza; Cortes tried for justice in Spain again in 1540. However, he was not supported by the court and soon died.

Born around 1489, Juan de Grijalva was a true adventurer and Spanish conquistador. Heading to Hispaniola in 1508 and Cuba in 1511, Grijalva was actually one of the earliest explorers to reach the shores of Mexico, defeating the Aztecs and conquering the country. In fact, the city of Rio Grijalva in Mexico was named after him. In 1518, Grijalva sailed with 170 people to Cuba, which was written about in Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s book, along with many other accomplishments.

Originating in Cuellar, Spain, Grijalva had an exciting life that left an important mark on history. The governor of Cuba, which was Grijalva’s uncle Velasquez, had given him the command to sail four vessels to Yucatan in 1518 to explore what Fernandez de Cotdora had already discovered. Although he battled with Indians where Cordova was defeated, he continued moving west close toward land. As he advanced, Grijalva found the land to be populated and cultivated, which was later deemed by others as New Spain.

Going deeper into the country, he finally ascended the River of Tabasco, moving further along the coastline. Grijalva began trading with the people, learning he was indebted for his reception to powerful monarch orders known as Montezuma. As Grijalva saw such rich countries, he felt inspired to take possession from them. However, being restrained by orders coming down from Velasquez not to develop settlements, he still decided to send a vessel on to Cuba with information about his amazing discoveries and some of the precious metals had had collected during his travel.

As Grijalva sailed further north, he decided to return to Havana, arriving in November. Upon arrival, he noticed that a neighboring harbor was making preparations for yet another expedition. Thinking he had been given command to set sail again, Grijalva was surprised when Velasquez angrily approached him, upset that he had not planted colonies. The new expedition was given to Cortes, another explorer instead of Grijalva. After that, Grijalva made the decision to move to Nicaragua but unfortunately, when caught in an Indian uprising in Ulancha, he was killed.

John Cabot also called Giovanni Baboto, his Italian name was an explorer of sorts although not much is known about his overall career. Historians believe Cabot was born in Gaeta close to Naples sometime around 1455. Additionally, we know his father was a merchant and that as a young boy he probably spent time growing up in Genoa. However, by the age of six, Cabot was in Venice where he became a citizen.

Then he married a Venetian woman named Mattea around 1482, being blessed with three sons, Sancio, Sebastian, and Ludovico. Following in his father’s footsteps Cabot also became a merchant although he also learned another trade, being an expert mariner. With this, he brought wonderful goods to include silk, spices, metals, and precious stones from Asia, traveling up the Red Sea or overland where he would take them to Europe to sell.

Moving his family to Valencia in Spain around 1490, some believe this was prompted by his interest in expanding his efforts of exploration of the Atlantic Ocean, much like Christopher Columbus. With leaders of this undertaking being primarily Portuguese, along with Spanish interest, monarchs from both countries were eager to discover new routes to Asia, which meant leading them to all the incredible riches of the country as well. The explorers knew they needed to find routes other than the Mediterranean, which also meant avoiding the Italians hold on the spice trade.

While this was one motivation, the other had to do with the fact that this was a time of deep religious beliefs and values. The Europeans were extremely eager to tell people about Christianity and to squelch the spread of Islam. The problem was that while John Cabot was interested in making the expeditions, both Spain and Portugal had no interest in him. Therefore, the Portuguese chose their own route to Asia, sailing along the African coastline and then around the Cape of Good Hope.

Interestingly, when Christopher Columbus returned from his transatlantic voyage in 1493, he believed the Caribbean land he reached was part of Asia. In addition, the Spanish made their own voyage, believing they found Asia on their eastern route. Because of this, John Cabot headed to England around 1494 and as a merchant of the Port of Bristol, he settled down with his family, serving under King Henry VII. Cabot’s plan was to reach Asia by sailing west across the north Atlantic, estimating the route shorter and quicker than that of Columbus’.

Cabot was confident in his plan and while in England, he finally received the support and financial backing earlier denied by Portugal and Spain. With this, the other merchants of Bristol agreed his plan was a good one, sponsoring him as he probed in the early 1480s around the north Atlantic, looking for potential trading opportunities. Although not confirmed through documents, some historians believe the mariners of Bristol might have reached Labrador and Newfoundland prior to Cabot arriving, both voyages that were unofficial.

However, in the early part of 1496, letters were written to John Cabot and his sons by Henry VII, providing him with authorization to sale to all part of the eastern, western, and northern sea, going on a mission of discovery and investigation. The King wanted Cabot to find other islands, regions, provinces, and countries of “infidels and heathens” unknown to Christians. For this reason, Cabot’s voyages were always done in the name of the English Crown and with the blessing of the King.

Determined to please the King and make his mark on history, Cabot set out on his first voyage in 1496. Unfortunately, the voyage was not a success. In fact, this very voyage was captured in a letter from John Day, an English merchant to Christopher Columbus, which read, “He (Cabot) left with one ship but had a disagreement with his crew. He was short of food, ran into bad weather, and made the decision to turn back”. However, the following year on his second attempt, John Cabot had much more success when he officially discovered Newfoundland with his son, Sebastian. After returning to English in 1498, Cabot died shortly after.

Jacques Cartier was born in 1491, going on to become a powerful, French navigator. Cartier’s first exploration was that of the Gulf of St. Lawrence where the St. Lawrence River was discovered. In all, Cartier made three voyages to this region. His first voyage was made in 1534, the second from 1535 to 1536, and then the third voyage from 1541 to 1541. While on the first and second voyage, Cartier was under the command of King Francis I. Then for the third voyage, his commander was none other than sieur de Roverval who had created a scheme for colonization, which failed miserably.

In 1534 during his first voyage, Cartier sailed into the Strait of Belle Isle, heading to the north coast for a quite a ways. From there, his fleet sailed along the west shoreline of Newfoundland, heading toward Cape Anguille. Shortly thereafter, Cartier made a great discovery - Magdalen Islands, as well as the Prince Edward Island. He continued his voyage to New Brunswick coast where another discovery was made - Chaleur Bay.

Cartier’s voyage continued around the Gaspe Peninsula, finally landing at Gaspe where possession was taken for France. The next stop was Anticosti Island at which time his fleet headed back to France. Interesting, this region had long been considered cold and barren. The only thing that attracted any interest was the fisheries located in Newfoundland and Labrador. However, people were surprised when Cartier reported the region to be warm and fertile.

With new interest, Cartier was sent on a second voyage, which ascended the St. Lawrence on its way to Quebec. There, some of the men were left to prepare for the winter months. However, Cartier headed on to Hochelaga, which is where today’s Montreal is located. Once there, he made his way up Mt. Royal so he could get a better view of the fertile land below. While at this vantage point, Cartier also overlooked the Ottawa River and Lachine Rapids.

Returning on this voyage, Cartier took time to explore the Cabot Strait. From there, he determined that Newfoundland was actually an island. In fact, his 1545 publication entitled Brief Recit et succincte narration provided an in-depth description of this second voyage. Finally, Cartier headed into the area of the Lachine Rapids where he settled down for the winter. Although he found the area beautiful, he discovered little else from a geographical perspective.

Cartier did not see Roverval until he finally headed home but at this time, refused to accompany him. Cartier had made some great discoveries that have proven to be of huge geographical importance. However, he never accomplished his one goal of making a discovery of the Northwest Passage, as well as natural resources. In fact, this particular region remained untouched until the early 17th century.

Born in 1540, Hernando de Alarcon was a famous Spanish explorer. While is interest was in a number of areas, his primary focus was on the southwest. To provide support to the land expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Alarcon was given command over a fleet.

With this, he set sail in the summer of 1540, heading up the Gulf of California with his ship and his men. On this particular expedition, Hernando de Alarcon made an interesting discovery - lower California was indeed a peninsula and not an island as believed by many people.

However, Alarcon made another discover on this expedition in the massive Colorado River. With both discoveries, his name made it into the history books. However, Alarcon failed to do one thing - make contact with Coronado’s expedition. Therefore, he took several months to sail along the river at which time Garcia Lopez de Cardenas made one of the most incredible discoveries of all times - the Grand Canyon.

Born in 1540, Hernando de Alarcon was a famous Spanish explorer. While is interest was in a number of areas, his primary focus was on the southwest. To provide support to the land expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Alarcon was given command over a fleet.

With this, he set sail in the summer of 1540, heading up the Gulf of California with his ship and his men. On this particular expedition, Hernando de Alarcon made an interesting discovery - lower California was indeed a peninsula and not an island as believed by many people.

However, Alarcon made another discover on this expedition in the massive Colorado River. With both discoveries, his name made it into the history books. However, Alarcon failed to do one thing - make contact with Coronado’s expedition. Therefore, he took several months to sail along the river at which time Garcia Lopez de Cardenas made one of the most incredible discoveries of all times - the Grand Canyon.

Born in Granada in 1495, Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada grew up to become an incredible Spanish adventurer. He lived to be 102 years of age and during his life, he accomplished many great things. Quesada started his work by going to school in Seville where he studied law. Then in 1535, he was appointed Chief Justice of Santa Maria, South America. Eager to explore the country’s interior, he commanded an expedition, leaving in the summer of 1536 with more than 900 men.

Unfortunately, Quesada was faced with a number of hardships and a good year of fighting with the Indians. However, two years later, Quesada conquered the plateau of Bogota where he founded a city that he named Santa Fe. Soon after this, a number of other adventurers and explorers came to Bogota to include one of Pizarro’s officers by the name of Sebastian de Velalcazar and Nicolas Federmann. This led to negotiations between the three men whereby Federmann agreed that for the price of $10,000, he would turn over his forces to Quesada. For Velalcazar, his agreement was to retire to southwest provinces.

Quesada left for Europe, leaving his brother, Hernan Perez in charge. Meeting with the Ghent emperor, he displayed many luxuries, offending the emperor. In addition, his former chief, Lugo, had friends that opposed Quesada. With this, one of Lugo’s sons was granted position of governor, not Quesada. Soon after this occurred, Quesada was granted permission to join his brother back in the New World. Unfortunately, he was horribly badgered by the new governor, which let to him being imprisoned and eventually, exiled. Determine to receive justice in Spain Quesada went back to New Granada as commander in chief of the troops.

By 1569, while under governorship of Diaz de Lena, Quesada set out on another expedition whereby he was unsuccessful in his attempt to discover El Dorado while returning home from the Guaviare River. After this failure, Quesada was reinstated as Captain General, soon dying of leprosy as a centenarian. After his death, his remains were taken to the cathedral in the city of Bogota.

Giovanni de Verrazano was a Florentine navigator who originated in Val di Greve. Born in 1470, Verrazano lived until 1527 when he died in Puerto del Pico or Newfoundland. When Verrazano was just 25 years of age, he decided to join the French maritime service, becoming employed to set out on voyages of discovery. According to historians, he headed to the northern coast of America in 1508 although apparently no accounts of discoveries have been found.

Verrazano later began working to devour both Portuguese and Spanish possessions in the West and East Indies. With this, Verrazano made a name for himself as corsair. Then in 1521, he took possession of impressive valuables while in the West Indies and just one year later, captured Hernan Cortes’ ship that was being sent to Mexico full of treasures. Just two years later, Verrazano left Dieppe aboard La Dauphine, working for Francis I who was the King of France. Their goal was to learn more about the coast of North America so they sailed from Madeira in January of 1524, arriving a month later.

During the next three months, Verrazano and his crew explored the land near Cape Fear, discovering the Narragansett and New York Bays. Landing in Newfoundland, he claimed many valuable possessions in the name of Francis I, setting his heart and mind on finding a way to the East Indies from the northwest. While returning to Dieppe, Verrazano wrote a special memoir to the king, telling about his many discoveries although his information was a bit confusing.

Interestingly, history tells us very little about the remaining years of Verrazano’s life. However, a number of references indicate that Indians killed him in Newfoundland while on a voyage for exploration. We do know that he spoke with people in England with a map of his discoveries. Then in 1876, a document was found that proved he had executed a power of attorney to his brother, Geronimo in 1527 just before sailing to the East Indies. This particular document stated that while Verrazano was on a voyage, he was captured on Spain’s southern coast.

Then in the 19th century, a discovery was made in the Strozzi Library at Florence. There, a manuscript copy of Verrazano’s letters were found, which contained additional writings. Published in transactions of the New York historical society in 1841, some of the documents were signed by the brother, Geronimo. In one, the brother called the land Nuova Gallia quale discopri, e annos fa, Giovanni de Verrazano Fiorentino. Additional documents have been discovered in the French archives, proving that Giovanni de Verrazano did in fact discover North America’s northern coast.

Gaspar Corte Real was born in 1450. Although his exact year of death is uncertain, historians believe it was sometime around 1510. Corte Real was a Portuguese explorer famous for being sent to search for the Northwest Passage on command of King Manuel I. Interestingly, history tells us that Corte Real did discover something but it was Greenland around 1500.

However, it is also believed that Corte Real may have touched on the North American coastline. Then in 1501, he made a second voyage, this time with his brother, Miguel. Together, they traveled about but soon, Gaspar sent Miguel home so he could finish the exploration alone. For this, he sailed to the southwest, going along coastline of what today is the United States

The truth be known, Corte Real was very lost. The funny thing is that when Gaspar did not return home, his brother Miguel headed out to search for him in 1502 but he too became lost. Although the brothers made Newfoundland together and made a number of fascinating discoveries during their travels, they never reached the Northwest Passage.

Born in 1510, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado only lived until 1554. During his life, he was a great Spanish explorer. Coronado headed to Mexico accompanied by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza. By 1518, he had been appointed governor of Neuva Galicia. During research, the Viceroy was intrigued by Fray Marcos de Niza’s report pertaining to the Seven Cities of Cibola to the north in which great wealth was described. Determined to learn more, Niza organized an expedition so the region could be explored by land.

Made Captain General, Coronado set sail in 1540. He started the journey at Compostela, crossing today’s Sonora and southeast Arizona, finally reaching Cibola, which was the Zuni country of New Mexico. Unfortunately, when Coronado arrived, he discovered no wealth and no fertile land. Even so, he and his lieutenants headed out, visiting various Hopi villages found in northern Arizona.

One of his men, Garcia Lopez de Cardenas was responsible for discovering the world wonder - Grand Canyon. Another of his lieutenants by the name of Hernando de Alvarado headed to the east where he visited Acoma, as well as native pueblos of the Pecos and Rio Grande. During this trip, Alvarado met a Native America who hailed from the Plains tribe called the Turk. This Indian told Alvarado about the wealth of Quivira toward the east.

Taking the information back to Coronado, he again was hopeful. Spending yet another winter on the Rio Grande, which is close to today’s Santa Fe, he started up unnecessary wars with the Indians. However, he finally set out in 1541 on his quest to find Quivira, believing the Turk Indians had provided him with accurate information. However, most historians believe Coronado and his men ended up in the Texas Panhandle, reaching Palo Duro Canyon where he headed to the north going into Oklahoma and eventually, Kansas.

When they finally reached Quivira, all they found were native villages that were long void of any precious metals and jewels. Feeling completely disillusioned, he and his men turned back, spending the winter of 1541 on the Rio Grande once again. Then in the spring of 1541, Coronado left the northern country, heading to Nueva Alicia, which led him into the Mixton War. By 1544, Coronado was released from his role as governor, choosing to live the remainder of his life hidden away in Mexico City.

Although Coronado never found the vast wealth, he had hoped to find, his expedition had accomplished something - the acquaintance of the Spanish with the Pueblo. This actually helped to open up the southwest territory. Making his achievement even more incredible were future expeditions going from Nueva Galicia to south Arizona and then into the lower regions of California.

Francisco Pizarro has quite a remarkable history as a Spanish soldier. He was born in 1476 in the town of Trujillo in Estremadura. His father, Gonzalo Pizarro, was a colonel of infantry. Unfortunately, while his father was an educated man, Francisco himself was uneducated, not even being skilled enough to write his own name. Francisco Pizarro did learn to read later in life but never very well. However, he never mastered writing skills. Because of this, a special imperial decree allowed him to sign his name with the use of a uniquely made stamp.

Not being acknowledged by his father, he ran away as a boy, joining adventurers heading to Hispaniola. While there, Francisco ventured out on the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda in 1509 heading to Nueva Andalucia. However, when re-enforcements and provisions were sought after, Ojeda left Pizarro to command the new colony of San Sebastian. Ojeda promised Francisco that he would return for him in 50 days but not showing, Francisco was forced to kill horses for food.

Abandoning the colony, Francisco joined the Martin Fernandez de Encisco expedition, returning with them to Darien. Once there, he participated in the founding of the Santa Maria de la Antigua colony. Then, he went on another expedition but this time with Vasco Nunez de Balboa, which led to the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, obviously a major discovery. Then in 1515, Pedrarias-Davila sent Francisco on another expedition, this time over the isthmus so the Pearl Islands could be explored. Interestingly, just two years later, Pedrarias-Davila ordered Francisco to arrest Balboa.

Next, Francisco accompanied the current governor on the expedition heading to Veragua. With that, he served an honorable campaign against Urraca. To award him for his hard and faithful work, he was given land and Indians near Panama, settling on his possessions that were cultivated with the help of his Indian Slaves. The first news of a rich empire to the south was made with the expedition of Pascual de Andagoya. Having been given the project, Francisco accepted it and succeeded.

Then, a partnership with Diego de Almagro and Fernando de Luque was formed whereby Pedrarias was lent money for an expedition going to Nicaragua. In the early winter of 1524, Francisco left Panama along with 80 men, soon followed by Almagro with an additional 60 men. As they continued moving south along the coastline, they met with great resistance when trying to penetrate the interior. During battle, a number of men were lost. Having been faced with hardship, Francisco and the remaining men returned to Panama, bringing with them news of Peru’s riches.

Although it took some persuasion, Pedrarias finally provided Francisco permission to plan another expedition but with word of the disastrous first attempt, trying to round up men was a challenge. Although they needed many more adventurers, they were only able to come up with 160 men. Determined to succeed, Francisco sailed in the early spring of 1526, entering the San Juan River where an Indian town was captured. This particular town was rich with provisions, along with about $15,000 in gold, a substantial amount of money, especially at that time. Almagro took much of the provisions and gold with him back to Panama while Francisco remained. From there, he sent Bartolome Ruiz, his pilot, to search the southern coastline.

Pedrarias’ successor, Pedro de los Rios, refused permission for further enlistment, choosing to send a vessel to round up the adventurers and bring them back home. However, Francisco still had a small force that had settled on the island of El Gallo, all of them refusing to return. Literally drawing a line in the sand with his sword, Francisco asked any man interested in staying behind with him to search for more riches to step across the line. Unfortunately, just 13 men stepped over the line, each remaining with him under he was joined by another force under the direct of Bartolome Ruiz.

Francisco now began to explore the southern coast, making his way to Tumbez, Paita, and Sana. There, he was able to obtain llamas, silver tankards, gold, and other treasures made in Peru. When he heard of Huayna Capac’s death in 1527 and realizing his small force was not enough to subdue the empire, he finally relented and returned to Panama. Even still, the new governor refused to allow him another expedition but the associates had decided to send Francisco to Spain. In 1528, he departed, taking with him some of the Indians from Peru, as well as gold and silver plate, llamas, and other presents that would be presented to the royal court.

Once Francisco arrived in Seville, he was immediately arrested on the request of Encisco, stating he was in debt. Francisco’s confinement did not last long as the emperor ordered him to be freed. When he made his appearance in court, he was not only well received but in 1529, granted permission to conquer Peru by the Queen. Now with the title of governor and captain-general, he was given a substantial salary. Even so, he knew he needed a force of at least 250 men for the expedition.

Having met Hernan Cortes at court, Francisco was given aid. Unfortunately, he had trouble raising the required force but set sail in January of 1530 regardless. With him were just a few adventurers and four of his brothers, setting sail for Nombre de Dios. Soon, he and Almagro got into an argument, causing Francisco to feel neglected. After months and months of trying to gather the needed men, he ended up with just 180 and 27 horses. In 1531, Francisco sailed for Tumbez, leaving Almagro behind to collect the remaining men. By the time he reached Tumbez, 130 men joined him.

Over the years, Francisco was able to force the Peruvian army out, pay his men an exceptional fee for their services, proclaim Manco Yupanqui, found Los Reyes, today’s Lima, conquest Chile, and more. While there have been many important adventurers in our history, Francisco Pizarro was probably one of the finest species. Francisco went on to become the governor or Quito in 1539, only to die two years later. A tall presence of a man, Francisco never married but he left his impression on the world.

Francisco Orellana was a great Spanish explorer who was born in Trujillo, Spain around the start of the 16th century and who died in Guiana in 1545. One of the interesting facts about Orellana is that he went to school with Francisco Pizarro, another famous explorer and navigator. In fact, Orellana followed Pizarro to Peru where together, they were involved in the conquest. Then in 1537, Orellana was responsible for rebuilding the city of Guayaquil.

In the expedition of 1539, Orellana commanded the rear guard as the deputy for Gonzalo Pizarro as they searched for El Dorado. Arriving at the Coca River junction along with the Napo, Orellana was given orders to take 60 men with him to explore the river in a boat and to come back with needed provisions. Unexpectedly, Orellana and his men were carried down the river and the only villages they discovered were settled by warlike natives. After searching for days, they finally reached the mouth of Napo at the place where it met the mighty river. This point he decided to name Orellana.

Determined to succeed, Orellana and his men were near starvation when they finally reached another village. After going into battle with the natives, they finally came upon enough provisions to take back with them, as well as a large amount of gold. Not long after, Orellana and his crew arrived in the possessions of a cacique called Aparia, where they were welcomed with open arms. Orellana had decided to build a brigantine since the boat they were using was in horrific condition. Therefore, a forge was constructed using old stirrups and arms nails and in just 35 days, the brigantine was complete

Then in the summer, a number of villages were discovered but unfortunately, Orellana and his men were savagely attacked. His expedition was chronicled in the Carvajal, telling how the natives were controlled and commanded by warlike women and how the entire country was controlled by women who lived by themselves in these communities. With the publication of this story, the Amazon country became widely known and the river that Orellana had discovered was given the permanent name, “Orellana”.

Eventually, Orellana headed toward the ocean where he made cordage using snails and grass from the cloaks and blankets. In addition, he took in provisions and water, as he coasted all the way out to the Gulf of Paria. Then in September, the expedition entered the Gulf. The following June, they reached the island of Cubagua, which is known more commonly as Trinidad. While many of things remain unclear about Orellana, we do know that he was the first European to successfully, navigate the Amazon for the majority of its course.

Orellana then returned to Spain where he provided the king with information about his many discoveries, along with to solicit the government of the river’s territory. Then in February of 1544, a grant was obtained under the name of Nueva Andalucia. With that, Orellana left San Lucar in May with four ships and 400 men, as well as the company of his wife. Unfortunately, while many of Orellana’s expeditions ran smoothly, this particular one was met with a number of problems, which led to many defeats by Indian savages and eventually, Orellana’s death. After his death, his wife decided to return to Trinidad along with a few of the survivors. There, she set up permanent residence to live out her life.

Fernando Magellan was a Portuguese navigator born in Oporto in 1470. His real name was Maagalhaens but this was soon changed by the Spaniards to Magallanes. In addition to his interest in navigation, Magellan was also devoted to astronomy and cosmography. In fact, he spent quite some time with the court of Portugal, which allowed him to have a successful time in the East Indies. With careful consideration, Magellan believed that his services were not well matched to Portugal so he decided to head for Spain.

He arrived in Spain in 1517, the place where Charles V was living. Upon arrival, Magellan was well received by Cardinal Jimenez, the person he would show his plan for finding a way to the Moluccas on the southern coast of America. What made this so interesting is that this particular route was much different from the traditional rout going around Cape of Good Hope. Even so, Magellan was able to inspire the cardinal along with the emperor, which led to an agreement that would allow him to become the admiral of the exploring fleet, as well as governor of lands he discovered.

With this, Magellan was granted command over a fleet of five vessels, which were equipped with 80 cannons. The flagship was named Trinidad, the ship San Antonio was commanded by Juan de Cartagena, Victoria was under the control of Luis de Mendoza, Concepcion was guided by Gaspar de Quesada, and the Santiago under the lead of Rodriguez Serrano. The fleet set sail in September of 1519 and although the voyage was difficult, they finally made their way to the Bay of Rio Janeiro two months later. Once there, the ships took on fresh provisions.

At that time, Magellan rounded the coastline, taking great care to look for every inlet and bay. Then in January of 1520, Magellan entered Rio de la Plata. However, he spent several days sailing the strait, only to conclude it was not the one he had been searching for so he pushed further south until he reached San Julian port in March. Interestingly, Magellan was met with rebellious captains who formed a conspiracy against him. The crew grumbled about the difficult climate and poor provisions. Most of all, they insisted that Magellan return to Spain.

Magellan waited for a few days to mull things over, realizing that the majority of his sailors were very devoted to him. At that time, Magellan decided to have Mendoza on the ship Victoria stabbed in front of the crew. He went on to order the body to be quartered and shortly after when Quesada visited Magellan, he too met the same fate. Even with these deaths, he knew the death of Cartagena was not feasible because of his rank so he put him on shore along with a priest who had been a part of the revolt. Following was the loss of the ship Santiago with the crew escaping and being spread out between the remaining four ships.

Leaving the Bay of Saollon Julian in October, the fleet followed along the coastline closely until reaching the cape the end of the month. Since they arrived during the St. Ursula festival (11,000 virgins), he gave the location the name of Cape Virgins. From there, Magellan moved along another unknown channel and then in November, he came around Cape Victory, a place he named after one of the five ships, going out into the Pacific Ocean. However, the San Antonio left him in the middle of the strait, heading off to search for Juan de Cartagena.

With this, a Te Deum was chanted and the ships refitted. Then, Magellan moved northwest, having his sights set on Moluccas. After all, Magellan has gone three months and 20 days without having discovered land and provisions aboard the vessels were dwindling. However, his luck changed when he spotted Ladrones in March of 1521 and then 10 days later, discovered an entire group of islands of what we know today as being the Philippines.

Fernando de Soto was born in 1496 in Xeres de los Caballeros, Spain. Prior to his death on the Mississippi banks in 1542, he made a number of expeditions that put him on the records. As the descendant of a nobleman, he still grew up in an impoverished family. Fernando was heavily in debt to Pedrarias Davila while trying to pursue education where he distinguished himself in literary studies, along with various athletic performances.

In 1519, Fernando made a trip with Davila, the former governor of Darien, on his second expedition to America. During this trip, he was able to display excellent determination and character, specifically when it came to oppressive measures of superior officers. Then in 1527, he served on another expedition, this time to Nicaragua while under the command of Hernandez. However, Hernandez did not follow Davila’s advice, costing him his life. One year later, Fernando pulled back from service of his patron, choosing to explore coastlines and Yucatan, sailing some 700 miles in search of a strait that would connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

Some time later, Fernando joined Pizarro on his expedition heading to Peru with the promise from Pizarro of holding the position as second in command. Then in 1533, Fernando was sent out with 50 horsemen and several targeteers with the job of exploring Peru’s highlands. With this, a pass in the mountains was penetrated and soon, a national road leading to the Peruvian capital was discovered. Then, Pizarro sent Fernando as an ambassador to the Inca Atahualpa. Capturing it, he protested with the chief for deceitfully refusing to release the Peruvian monarch. However, while a tremendous amount of money was paid for his ransom, his attempts were all in vain.

Even so, Fernando was known for having completed the conquest to Peru, becoming a hero of the battle that resulted in Cuzco’s capture. Interestingly, while Fernando landed in America with not more than a sword and target, he returned to Spain with a huge fortune worth half a million dollars. With this money to his credit, he was able to marry Davila’s daughter while maintaining and enjoying the luxuries associated with being a noblemen. As the adventurers returned, the belief in Spain was enhanced with people believing the northern hemisphere was a land of riches, far greater than Peru.

In his desire to excel Cortes and pass Pizarro’s wealth, Fernando asked and received permission from Charles V. to conquer Florida using his own money. Quickly approved, Fernando was made Cuba’s governor. Soon, men in vast numbers lined up to join the expedition, coming from Portugal and Spain. With such a great selection, Fernando finally chose the best of the best, men who were in the prime of life. The result was a new crew of 600 men, 20 officers, and 24 members of the cloth.

In the spring, the ship set sail from San Lucar, reaching Santiago de Cuba and stopping in Havana where women were required to stay until the conquest was over. Fernando left his own wife in command as he crossed through the Gulf of Mexico, finally stopping in Espiritu Santo bay one month later in 1549, which is what we know today as being Tampa Bay. As the soldiers landed, Fernando was extremely confident that they would succeed so he sent the ships back to Cuba. The men on land quickly started to search for gold. The expedition had everything needed for success to include chains for prisoners, weapons, high-tech equipment for that time, plenty of food, and more. They even drove a herd of hogs that thrived in the climate and abundant food from the forest.

The route they had to take through the country was challenging and violent due to Narvaez, a Spanish invader, as well as the aboriginal Indians. Trying desperately to get rid of the Spaniards, they told stories of great wealth that could be found in very remote areas, which allowed the expedition to advance. Moving to the northwest in the beginning, they headed into Appalachian country, spending the cold winter. However, Juan Ortiz who had been captured by the Indians from Narvaez was unable to tell of any land containing silver or gold.

Soon, Ochus, Pensacola’s harbor, was discovered by one of the parties. With this, they sent a message to Cuba asking for supplies to be sent to the location the following year. In the meantime, unrest had developed among the Spaniards. Turning to Fernando, he told them that he refused to turn back until he witnessed the lack of silver and gold for himself. In the early part of 1540, they moved to the northeast and in the fall of that same year, reached the village of Marilla (Mobile) located on the Alabama River.

Unfortunately, upon arrival, they met with angry natives, resulting in the Spaniards losing more than 80 men and 42 horses. However, the Indians lost 2,500 of their own. While all of this was going on, the ships had arrived at Ochus but Fernando stood proud, refusing to send any message back pertaining to his fortunes. From that point, he continued moving to the northwest, passing yet another harsh winter while in Chickasaw Indian country. The following spring, he demanded from the Indian chief that 200 men carry the company’s burdens. The chief hesitated and then while the Spaniards camped, the village was set ablaze. This resulted in many of Fernando’s followers dying and much of their baggage and supplies lost.

For the next several weeks, forges were constructed, swords tempered, and lances made. Then shortly after, Fernando continued moving northwest and after traveling for a week through marshes and forest, they reached the Mississippi River. For one month, they remained on the banks of the river where they built barges capable of holding three horsemen each. With this, they were able to pass to the other side, this time heading to the north on their way to Pacaha. Once there, Fernando and his men remained for 10 days after which time they changed direction to the southwest and then the northwest, finally arriving at the White River.

Once there, they turned back to the south, passing near Arkansas’ hot springs. At first, his men believed they had finally found the Fountain of Youth but then realized they were wrong. For the third winter, Fernando and his men stayed on the Washita river in Antiamque. By spring, he was determined to descend the river, finally coming back to the Mississippi River. Unfortunately, while traveling down the river, he contracted a malignant fever. Discouraged, tired, and pride shaken, Fernando finally realized that his death was near. Gathering his faithful followers around, he appointed Luis de Moscoso as his successor and the following day, he died. Because the local Indians believed Fernando had supernatural powers, they kept his death a secret. At midnight, his body was wrapped in his mantle and gently lowered into the River he had discovered. Soon, the number of followers was reduced by 50%, with those remaining passing to Natchitoches country. By the spring, these members of the original crew headed back to the Mississippi River, building seven fragile boats to take them down the Gulf of Mexico where they finally dispersed. After hearing about Fernando’s death, his beloved wife died in Havana just three days later.