Captain Peter Easton

In 1602, Captain Peter Easton was commissioned by the Queen of England to take three British warships to Newfoundland on a mission to enforce a British peach among lawless fishermen living along the hundreds of miles of coastline. In 1603, James I took the throne. Then in 1604, the Spanish Armada was defeated, being ended by Spain. With this, James I reduced both size and power of the English navy, meaning Easton and his men were left stranded in Newfoundland with no money. Because of this, they began forming a plan for pirate crews.

The majority of the English officers and men took an oath of blood with Easton, taking over vessels that had formerly been sailed as warships for Britain. With this, they set out for the Spanish Main to take over the shipping coastline communities. Then in 1610, Easton was given the name of Notorious Pirate by the British. However, Easton was soon becoming increasingly powering in the Western Hemisphere, also becoming a very wealthy man with thousands of men on his side.

In fact, Easton soon had a fleet of 40 ships. Stationed at the Avon River mouth, he was able to stop traffic going into the English Channel. This resulted in Bristol merchants having to look for help from the Lord Admiral, Earl of Nottingham as a way of getting Easton and himself to leave. Then in 1610, Easton came back to Newfoundland and two years later, along with his fleet, he sailed the rough coasts, sweeping out everything he came across to include the capture of ships, cannons, and even more than $100,000 in bounty.

Enlisting more than 500 men as crew, the majority who went along gladly, he took his new cannons and fortified Harbor Grace Bay. Then in Caplin Cove, Easton built a fort and then set up headquarters across the bay on Kelly's Islands. While there, the king's representative was captured. To try to bring order, Sir Richard Whitbourne was sent to Newfoundland, setting up the first English court of law in the New World.

According to what Sir Richard published, he stayed onboard the ship for 11 weeks at which time Eaton pampered him with fine treatment in an effort to persuade him to join him and his men. However, Sir Richard had his eyes set on ruling Newfoundland, using the colony as his base for taking control of the New World. Refusing to get involved with Easton's scheme, he did make an agreement to go to England, supporting a petition for pardon that would allow him to go back to England so he could spend his days in the lap of luxury.

Realizing that Harbor Grace was in a position for attack by the sea, he quickly moved the base to Ferryland, fortifying the harbor. From his fortress, Easton was able to send an ultimatum to England saying if he were pardoned, he would agree to go home and then quietly live out his life. With this, the governor of England granted the pardon but for some reason, Eason never received it. From that point, he lived on Ferryland waiting for the pardon, building a palace on Fox Hill, which can be seen today.

Easton continued conducting raids on merchant ships, keeping part of the fleet for himself. Growing impatient for the pardon, he finally set sail for Azores to intercept the Spanish fleet. Then in 1614, Easton was on Barbary Coast with 14 ships, loaded with treasure taken. At that time, he made an alliance with the King of Algiers, working together to fight against the Spanish. Disbanding his armada, his vast fortune was divided and the palace purchase in Savoy, near what we know today as Monaco. Never knowing about the sent pardon, Eason lived his life to an old age in great wealth.

WILLIAM BAFFIN

William Baffin was born in 1584, becoming a famous British arctic explorer. History tells us that Baffin was born in London but died in 1622 while in Kishm, Persia. Most people referred to Baffin as "the pilot of Patience", which was actually a vessel he took a voyage on with James Hall on the way to Greenland.

Then in 1613, Baffin joined the Muscovy Company, becoming a top pilot of seven vessels. As a part of his job, he often visited the Spitzbergen coast for incredible fishing. By 1615, Baffin had piloted another vessel called the Discovery under the command of Robert Bylot, searching for the Northwest Passage. Today, his original manuscript about this voyage is preserved in the British museum.

On the first trip, he searched in vain for a channel in Hudson Bay, located just to the north of Southampton Island. Then during his second expedition, Baffin headed in a northwesterly direction directly through Davis Strait, which led him to what would later be called Baffin Bay, as well as Baffin Island on the northeast shore. This particular part of the voyage was also published by Purchas, providing exact and fascinating information deemed valuable.

Unfortunately, Baffin's great discover of "Baffin Bay" was discredited until 1818 at which time Sir John Ross confirmed his observations and discovery. Then in 1617, Baffin joined the East India Company, sailing under a Captain Shilling on two voyages, one in 1617, and the other in 1620. The final voyage that Baffin would make was in 1621, with a distinct purpose of pushing the Portuguese out of Ormuz.

Sadly, while under siege and engaging in measurements, Baffin was shot and killed. In addition to being a master pilot of large vessels, Baffin is known for something more important. He was the first man to determine longitude by observing the time of the moon's culmination. This discovery would make a huge difference in how future pilots handled voyages!

WILLEM BARENTS

Willem Barents was a Dutch navigator born in 1550 in the Netherlands. Although a wonderful man, he was best known for making three different voyages going from Amsterdam to Asia, searching for a northeast passage. The first voyage occurred in the summer of 1594 where he reached the extremity of Novaya Zemlya. From there, the charts he maintained show that he traveled northward. However, upon reaching the northern extremity, he was forced to turn back home.

For Barents' second trip, he took a full expedition with him to include seven vessels, heading out the following year in 1595. This time, they headed for the strait located between the Asiatic coast and Vaygach Island. Unfortunately, they had headed out on this voyage too late in the year to find open water. Finally, his third voyage began in 1596. This time, his expedition discovered Bear Island and Spitsbergen, which today is known as Svalbard.

At that time, the two vessels separated with the intention of performing independent explorations. On the first vessel was Barents with his crew but after heading to the north area of Novaya Zemlya, they were confronted with heavy ice, compelling them to spend winter in the north. Since his ship was not released until early 1597, Barents' party left the area in two open boats in June. Unfortunately, problems arose and while the majority of crew escaped, Barents died two weeks later.

Then in 1871, the house where Willem Barents had stayed during those cold, winter months was discovered. Better yet, within the house were a number of relics that today, are preserved and on display at The Hague. However, another great discovery would be made when just four years later, his journal was found. Because of the three voyages Willem Barents made in 1594, 1596, and then again in 1597, Barents Island located in the Svalbard archipelago was named after him.

In addition, with his extensive explorations and accuracy of charts for each of his voyages, Barents is still considered today as one of the most important of all arctic explorers, leaving valuable information for others who followed. In fact, the meteorological data he collected and used is still consulted today for other people sailing this area of the world. Today, the Barents Sea in the Arctic is named after this magnificent Dutch navigator.

AMERIGO VESPUCCI

Amerigo Vespucci, also known as Americo or Vespucio, was an Italian navigator born in Florence, Italy in 1451. Vespucci lived until 1512 when he died in Seville but not until he had made himself known. Born into a very wealthy family of merchants, he was educated from his uncle, Giorgi Antonio Vespucci who was a Dominican friar, as well as colleague and friend of Savonarola. At first, Vespucci got involved with business during which time he met Christopher Columbus. Although the exact date of their meeting is not 100%, historians estimate it could have been as early as 1493.

Then in 1497, Vespucci set up his vessels with supplies and navigated his third voyage, already experienced since one year earlier, he had equipped a fleet that would be used by the Spanish government. Then in 1499, he set sail from Spaifi, visiting Cape Paria along with several hundreds of miles along the coastline. In the summer of 1500, he returned home. Then in the spring of 1501, Vespucci came into service under Emmanuel of Portugal, participating in an expedition that would go to Brazil in 1503.

Vespucci also commanded a caravel that sailed to discovery Malacca. However, parting the company of others, he made his way to the coast of Brazil, during which time he discovered All Saint's bay. Vespucci stayed in Brazil for two months, running 260 leagues more to the south. Once there, a fort was built near Cape Frio. In 1504, he left the colony and returned to Lisbon. By the early part of 1505, Vespucci had obtained letters of naturalization from the King of Spain.

Then in March of 1508, was appointed as the pilot major over the kingdom. In fact, Vespucci held this office until his death. His position meant he controlled the preparation of coast descriptions, as well as new discoveries and overseeing pilot examination and chart construction. However, a controversy began as to whether Vespucci was ahead of Columbus and Jabots of the discovery of America's mainland.

This dispute remains today. Unfortunately, none of Vespucci's letters on the subject exists with the exception of some translations. The problem is that even these translations also differ and contain some inaccuracies pertaining to date and fact. Making it even more difficult to stop the controversy is that the letters are written in an unknown language.

VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA

Born in 1475, Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a Spanish conquistador and explorer but not just any conquistador and explorer, he was the first European to lay eyes on the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean. That day in 1513 was a huge accomplishment, one made after a difficult trek through the jungles of today's Panama. Balboa staked claim of the Pacific Ocean, along with the shores for his country of Spain. With this, Spanish exploration and conquest along South America's western coast began. Even so, Magellen, a Portuguese explorer, was the one that gave the ocean its name, Pacifica, which translates to "peaceful".

Balboa's father was not a wealthy or powerful man so Vasco was required to work in the household of a rich nobleman in the city of Moguer as a young boy. When Columbus arrived in America in 1492, Balboa was just 17 years of age. At that time, there were many ships all heading to the New World. On their way, they would stop by the port city of Moguer to take on supplies and sailors. As the voyages came back through Moguer, the sailors would tell magnificent stories about other lands discovered across the sea. They also bragged about all the opportunities for fame and wealth. As you can imagine, this peaked Balboa's attention.

By 1501 and at the age of 26, Balboa decided to join a Spanish expedition heading to South America. This particular voyage explored the northern coast of today's Columbia. However, the vessel was short on food, workers, and other supplies, making it impossible to establish a settlement. With this, Balboa had no choice but to return to Hispaniola, becoming a pig farmer.

Then in 1509, something incredible happened, a Spanish expedition made its way from Hispaniola to South America, colonizing the mainland. Although Balboa had tried desperately to get on that particular expedition, he was too far in debt, thus being stopped from leaving. However, the following year, Balboa had a different plan, he would stow away on another ship taking supplies to this new colony, which is exactly what he did. While he made the trip, once there, the settlers of the colony found Spaniards had left because of the danger of Indians and not enough food.

At that point, Balboa recommended that he and the crew head to the western side of the gulf where the Indians were friendly and peaceful. The Spaniards obliged and the City of Darien was established. With such valuable insight, Balboa was named the "unofficial" governor of the city, leading further expeditions into Panama while at the same time, conquering several Indians but making various types of agreements with others.

In the year 1511, the Indians had told Balboa about another sea located on the other side of Panama, along with great stories of gold and wealth to the south, which was a reference to the Inca Indians of Peru. However, since he was not yet the official governor of Darien, he knew that leaving could put this position at risk. Therefore, to speed up the process of receiving the King's approval for becoming governor, he knew he would have to do something very, impressive. He decided in 1513 that he would lead an expedition of 90 Spaniards, as well as numerous Indians into the "unknown sea" earlier told about.

Traveling for three weeks, Balboa was finally able to see the ocean from a nearby mountain range, sighting the Pacific Ocean for the very first time. As the group reached the waters, they also found pearls and gold. With the great find Balboa sent some of the treasures to the King Ferdinand of Spain, hoping this would be enough to get the needed governorship approval. Unfortunately, before word of Balboa's successful trip and riches could reach the King, another man was named governor of Darien, Pedro Arias Davila.

However, when the King finally received the great news, all he could do was appoint Balboa to serve under Davila. As you can imagine, Balboa was extremely disappointed and to make things worse, he discovered the Davila was a jealous man. In fact, this new governor did not care for Balboa's growing popularity and influence so in 1518, Balboa was accused of treason, although not true. Davila had Balboa arrested and after a hurried trial, he was sentenced to death. In 1519, Davila got his wish when Balboa and four of his closest friends were beheaded.

VASCO DA GAMA

Vasco da Gama was born in 1469, going on to become a famous Portuguese navigator. In fact, Gama was the very first European to travel to India by sea, putting his name in the history books. However, his most important journey was from 1497 to 1499, which he made under the order of Manuel I. Gama took with him four vessels, rounding the Cape of Good Hope at which time he passes the furthest east point, which had been reached by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488.

Even so, Gama continued sailing to Calicut by going across the Indian Ocean. This particular voyage created a way for Europe to reach the Indies and all of her riches. Out of this, the Portuguese Empire was grown. From the spice trade along, Portugal immediately gained incredible riches.

Eventually, Gama gave instructions for the voyage from 1500 to 1502 for Cabral going to India. Then in 1502, Gama himself headed up a fleet of 20 ships, which was his second trip to India. With such incredible backing, Gama was determined to establish a Portuguese power in the Indian waters. With this, he worked to gain submission from a number of chiefs located on the African coast. However, his methods were brass and harsh, making him a bad administrator.

Later, many of the Portuguese captains went to the east. Even so, Gama was the first. Therefore, he was honored with a number of tributes, as he should have been, as well as the title of Count of Vidigueria. By 1524, Gama was ordered to return to India, this time as viceroy. Sadly, he passed away shortly after arriving in India.

THOMAS CAVENDISH

Thomas Cavendish was born in 1560 and at the age of 32, died. As a man, Cavendish became an English navigator. Although he became known for many things, one of the first and most important was his command of a ship in the flotilla, which was under the control of Sir Richard Grenville. Grenville had been sent in 1685 by the famous Sir Walter Raleigh on a quest to establish the first colony in the state of Virginia.

By 1586, Cavendish had proven himself a worthy navigator, which awarded him command of three vessels. With this, he sailed from England, heading out on a worldwide voyage, which was his third. This particular voyage would take him across the coast of West Africa, heading to Patagonia. Once there, Cavendish made a discovery - a wonderful harbor that he went on to name Port Desire.

The Spanish towns were ravaged by Cavendish and his men. From that time forward, shipping done on South America's west coast became big business. From there, Cavendish continued on his journey, taking a route that would take him through the Philippines, the East Indies, and then the Cape of Good Hope. At that time in 1588, Cavendish and his vessels headed back to England. This particular voyage had taken over two years to complete.

However, a second voyage by ship would begin just three years later in 1591. While things started out promising, Cavendish's dreams of another success were quickly dashed. Disastrously, his entire fleet, which included five ships, were scattered about, losing contact and presumably being destroyed. Unfortunately, Cavendish met his death at sea.

SIR RICHARD GRENVILLE

Born in Cornwall, England in 1540, Sir Richard Grenville grew up to become a famed English navigator. Although he died in 1591, just 51 years of age, he accomplished much. For starters, Grenville began serving in the German imperial army as a volunteer at the age of 16. At that time, he fought alongside others against the Turks. After completing his tour of duty, he returned home only to be appointed to an Ireland command, making him sheriff of Cork.

In 1571, Grenville represented Cornwall in parliament, after which time he was promoted to High Sheriff and then knighted by Queen Elizabeth. From there, Grenville became actively involved with Sir Walter Raleigh and his cousin in colonization schemes. Then in the spring of 1585, he set sail leaving Plymouth as command over a fleet of seven vessels that bore 108 colonists. His fleet reached the West Indies, capturing two Spanish frigates. Just about a month later, the fleet reached Carolina's mainland, or as it was known as that time as Florida.

As they arrived, Grenville and his crew were met with a horrific storm that almost caused them to wreck on the cape. Because of that, he named the cape "Cape Fear". In June, the ships anchored at Wocoken, passing through Ocracoke inlet toward Roanoke Island. For 80 days, they explored the countryside. Then, Grenville decided to take revenge against the theft of a silver cup by burning an Indian village and maize. Leaving the colony under Robert Lane, he headed back to England with the seven vessels, capturing a Spanish galleon along the way.

When Grenville returned to the colony for a second time, he discovered it completely deserted since the colonists had gone back to England with Sir Francis Drake because of problems with the Indians. However, to stay in control of the country, Grenville decided to leave 15 men behind as he set sail back to England. Once there, he was appointed as a member of the council, asked to help devise defense against Spanish armada. Then in 1591, Grenville was promoted to Vice Admiral and asked to sail along with Lord Howard to work against West Indies Spaniards.

While in the process, Grenville came across Azores, a Spanish fleet that was comprised of 52 ships. Unfortunately, he had just five ships but still set out to attack. They fought all day and night during which time four of the Spanish ships were sunk and more than 1,000 men killed. Early in the battle, Grenville himself was injured and then shot. His body was carried to his cabin whereby the remaining crew surrendered. Just as his vessel was about to sink, Grenville was taken onboard the Spanish ship, dying three days later.

When reading about Grenville and his many travels today, you will find his named spelled in a number of ways to include Grenville, Greenville, and Granville. While there were a number of journals written about Sir Richard Grenville, one of the greatest was written by Ralph Lane called Voyages.

SIR MARTIN FROBISHER

Sir Martin Frobisher was born around 1535, becoming an English mariner. As a young boy, Frobisher was often at sea, spending the majority of his youth working in the African trade. In his later years, Frobisher became friends with Sir Humphrey Gilbert who was responsible for getting him interested in the Northwest Passage.

Frobisher as a man was licensed by Queen Elizabeth I, as well as backed by numerous merchant adventurers to make a voyage in search of the Northwest Passage. His first voyage took place in 1576, the second voyage in 1577, and then his third voyage in 1578. Each of these voyages was to the Arctic, hoping to find this infamous passage.

On the first voyage in 1576, Frobisher sailed into what is now called Frobisher Bay to South Baffin Island. From the island, Frobisher brought back a black substance that many believed was precious gold. In addition, to prove that he had actually reached the storybook Cathay, he also brought back with him an Eskimo. On his next two voyages, Frobisher headed back to Baffin Island. There, he explored the bay, going deeper up the Hudson Strait.

However, this particular geographical discovery was not overly impressive and gold was not found. Therefore, for a short period, Frobisher was dismissed as an important explorer. However, in 1585, he soon gained position of commander of a ship associated with Sir Francis Drake's expedition heading to the West Indies. For his faithful services to Drake along with assisting Sir John Hawkins in defeating the Spanish Armada, he was then knighted in 1588.

Sadly, Frobisher died from wounds received during an English campaign with the Spanish. However, because of his hard work, great leadership, and three voyages, his life and adventures were chronicled in 1578, called The Tree Voyages of Martin Frobisher.

SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT

Sir Humphrey Gilbert was born in Dartmouth England in 1539 but sadly, he became lost at sea in 1584. Born as the half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, Gilbert went on to become a famous English navigator. He began by studying at two Ivy League universities, Oxford and Eaton with the direction of getting involved with the military. In fact, Gilbert fought in the north region of England, as well as against Roman Catholics in Scotland. Soon, he was given command of an army at which time he was sent to overpower the Irish.

Gilbert was very successful in this campaign, which led him to be knighted and made Munster's governor in 1570. Soon after, he returned to his home country of England, commanding a fleet used for blockading Flushing. When completed, Gilbert published a pamphlet called "A Discourse of Discovery for a New Passage to Cataia". Although he was known for many things, Gilbert was probably one of the greatest advocates of the northwest, passage theory. Interestingly, Gilbert was determined to become an explorer after he helped Frobisher and other mariners by using his finances.

With a letter from Queen Elizabeth in hand authorizing him to make discoveries over a six-year period through the barbarous countries that were not yet in Christian possession, he set out to occupy and dispose of these countries in the name of the Queen. Gilbert's started his first expedition in 1581 but with one of his vessels being destroyed, he returned to port with this and his other ships, also damaged. Soon after, he mortgaged his estate to come up with enough money for yet another expedition, which began in the summer of 1583 heading to Newfoundland.

This particular expedition included two decked ships as well as three sloops with 260 men on board as crew. The largest of the ships was commanded by Sir Walter Raleigh but when he noticed that a large number of men onboard were becoming ill, he became worried. With this, he made the decision to head back to England after being at sea just three days. However, Gilbert moved on toward Newfoundland, arriving on the coast while dodging icebergs and major storms. Landing in St. John, he saw 36 vessels of various nationalities there but that was not enough to stop him from taking possession in the name of his supreme ruler.

Gilbert pushed the Portuguese off the island who had settled there and then published statutes that explained the religion the country should follow. He also advised that anyone who rebelled against the queen would be put to death, being regarded as a traitor. In addition, he let everyone know that any individual who even spoke disrespectfully about the queen would suffer by having his ears cut off and all of his ships taken. Unfortunately, the colonization was disastrous with many sailors deserting him. Those that stayed became seriously ill.

Realizing he was defeated, Gilbert sailed for Norumbega, which would later be known as New England. The primary vessel struggled and soon, the vessel commanded by Sir Walter Raleigh sank in a horrific storm off Azores while heading to England. With this ship, Gilbert lost his life. Even so, he would go on to be known as a successful navigator in spite of his shortcomings.

SEBASTIAN VIZCAIN

This Spanish navigator was born in Huelva sometime around 1500 although the exact date is unknown. However, history has his death as 1615 in Acapulco. Therefore, his exact age is uncertain. Vizcain took to the sea very young in life, building a solid reputation and making the chief pilot of New Spain. Around the latter part of the 16th century, most people in Spain believed that California was a state of vast riches, specifically when it came to pearls. With this, he viceroy of Mexico received orders in 1595 to head up an expedition to explore California. To head up the expedition, Vizcain was appointed as commander.

In 1596, the expedition left Acapulco with three vessels, being accompanied by missionaries. Entering the Gulf of California, headquarters was established in the port of La Paz, building a church and several barracks. Soon after, Vizcain sent more expeditions into the interior but the native showed great resistance. With a lack of supplies and the barracks being burned, he and his men returned to Acapulco that fall. By 1602, Vizcain made captain general of yet another expedition leaving for Count de Monterey under the order of Philip III. This mission was to explore the coast to the north of Cape Mendocino and to establish a community whereby vessels from Manila could take refuge.

In May of that year, he sailed from Acapulco with three ships. Accompanied by Geronimo Martin, a great cosmographer, they discovered a bay, which was called Monterey. As he began surveying the coastline, he noticed one particular point and inlet. They soon passed Cape Mendocino, arriving in Cape Blanco de San Sebastian, which is today's Cape Orford. Another discovery was the mouth of a massive river believed to be the Columbia. However, with bad weather and fog, they were unable to enter. In addition, Vizcain had lose several of his men from sickness so he returned, entering Acapulco in the early part of 1603.

The report of his journey and findings was sent on to Madrid and while Vizcain tried to convince the Indies' council of the advantage of colonizing the countries discovered, he still failed to find any type of precious metals. Because of this, his advice was ignored. However, in 1610, Vizcain headed out again to Manila and during this expedition, he discovered a group of islands near Japan that he named Isles Rices. With this, his earlier suggestion about colonizing was taken seriously. The result was yet another expedition but while getting preparations underway, he died. From Vizcain and his staff's observations, 32 distinct charts were created by another cosmographer by the name of Enrique Martinez.

Over the years, several publications were released about Vizcain's voyages to California in search of pearls and gold. One of the most profound was called Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental, which provided in-depth information about his voyage to Manila. This publication, dated 1611, was actually titled Relacion del Viage y deseubrimiento de las Isles Rices, que estan cerca del Japan. Amazingly, this journal was discovered in the Barcia library. While most of Vizcain's narratives were published by Martin Fernandez de Navarete, others over the years have written about this great man and his many accomplishments.

SEBASTIAN DE BELALCAZAR

Sebastian De Belalcazar was a famous Spanish conquistador born in 1479. Although born Sebastian Moyano, he took his new last name, as it was the name of the castle town closest to his birthplace. According to a number of reliable sources, Belalcazar left for the New World with Christopher Columbia as early as 1498. However, another legend says that Belalcazar had killed a mule in 1507 and to flee from feared punishment, he left for the West Indies, which also offered him a life away from the poverty in which he was born.

We do know that Belalcazar entered Nicaragua with Hernandez de Cordoba in 1524, becoming the first mayor of the city of Leon where he would remain until 1527 when he left for Honduras because of disputes with the Spanish governors. Although he returned to Leon just briefly, he would sail to the coast of Peru where he connected with the expedition of Francisco Pizarro in 1532.

Then two years later, he helped Pizarro fight against native tribes after which time he set off to conquer Quito valley in Ecuador. However, to do this, he had to use money received in compensation from previous campaigns. From there, the city of Quito was founded by Belalcazar along with Diego de Almagro. In honor or Pizarro, the city's name was changed to San Francisco de Quito.

Then in 1535, Belalcazar moved north into what we know today as Colombia, searching for El Dorado. As he entered the Cauca River Valley, he founded a number of Colombian cities to include Pasto, Santiago de Cali, and Popayan, the next most important city after Quito. He then crossed to the Magdalena River Valley, going into the highlands of central Colombia along with Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada and Nicolas Federmann in 1539.

At that time, Belalcazar was granted governorship of Popayan by Carlos the Fifth, although an honorary title. Soon, squabbles broke out among the conquistadors, which included Belalcazar and a neighboring province that was governed by Pascual de Andagoya. Defending his own lands, Belalcazar soon took some of the land belonging to Andagoya. In addition, he helped calm disagreements between Almagro in Peru and supporters of the families of Pizarro.

In 1546, Belalcazar ordered that Jorge Robledo, the governor of another neighboring province to be executed. However, Belalcazar himself was put on trial in 1550 for the death of Robledo along with other crimes associated with his personal involvement in wars with the conquistadors. Belalcazar was found guilty and ordered to death. Unfortunately, while under appeal to the Council of the Indies the following year, Sebastian de Belalcazar died in his prison cell in Cartagena of fever.

SEBASTIAN CABOT

Sebastian Cabot was the son of the explorer John Cabot. His father, John, had discovered Newfoundland in 1496 when Sebastian was with him. Just as with his father John, trying to find accurate information about the life of Sebastian is difficult. What is known is that Sebastian Cabot was born around 1474. He was a skilled navigator and because of this, in much demand. Cabot had many other talents to include being an explorer and mapmaker.

During his life, Cabot lived in Venice, London, and Seville. He worked primarily as a mapmaker for King Henry VIII of England but he was also a captain for Spain's King Ferdinand V, performed a number of explorations for England's King Henry VII, and some believe he secretly went into Venice on explorations.

Historians believe Cabot was a part of several Arctic voyages, along with expeditions to the West Indies. Around 1508, Cabot headed out on instruction from Britain, searching for the Northwest passage going across North America. Then, another voyage was started for Spain in 1526, which was a voyage meant to sail to China and the Moluccas, otherwise known as the "Spice Islands" of Indonesia. However, he took great interest in the River Plate (Rio e la Plata), which is a river running between Uruguay and Argentina in South America. With fighting erupting, Cabot abandoned some of his crew.

Then around 1526, Cabot spent time exploring the Parana River but with angry natives and a lack of food, he was forced to return to Spain. Everyone called the voyage a huge failure and his sponsors were very displeased. With this, Cabot was banished from Spain to Africa for two years. However, in 1553, he was again able to work for the English and decided to search for a water passage that would go across the north of Asia. During this particular voyage, Cabot sailed as far away as the White Sea, which is in the northwest region of Russia. Even though he was not near his intended goal, this trip resulted in a trade agreement being established between England and Russia.

Most of the journals kept accounting his life were lost and only one map still exists, one drawn by Sebastian in 1544. Historians also suspect that he made a number of undocumented trips while others have doubt about the trip in 1508 even occurring. Regardless, Sebastian Cabot did what he set out to do by leaving his mark on history. In 1548, he was awarded a large pension from King Edward VI, just prior to his death.

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

Born in 1567, Samuel de Champlain was known as being a fantastic French explorer, as well as the primary founder of New France. Champlain first served time in France under the direction of Henry of Navarre, also known as King Henry IV during the religious wars. Given command over a Spanish fleet, Champlain took sail to the West Indies, Mexico, and then the Isthmus of Panama.

This three-year tour was described by Champlain to the French king. Then by 1603, Champlain made his first voyage to New France, this time as a member of the fur trading expedition. As a part of this voyage, he and his fleet explored the St. Lawrence River. For years, sieur de Monts had been in control over the fur trade in this region. Therefore, Champlain returned a year later to establish his own colony at the mouth of St. Croix River.

Just two years later, his colony as moved to Port Royal, today's Annapolis Royal, N.S., going across the Bay of Fundy. For the following three years, Champlain took time to explore New England's coastline to the south toward Martha's Vineyard. At that time, Mt. Desert Island along with many of Maine's larger rivers was discovered. In fact, this discovery was responsible for the first detailed charts of the coast being made. Soon, Monts' privileges were taken away, at which time his colony was abandoned. However, Champlain stepped in and with hard work and determination, established a new colony on St. Lawrence River.

By 1608, Champlain sailed the ship Le Don de Dieu in which he took colonists to Quebec. The following spring, Champlain went along with a war party of Huron, fighting the Iroquois. At this time, he discovered the lake now known as Lake Champlain. Then, the Iroquois encountered the French troops, which routed them near Crown Point in New York. This one incidence is now believed by historians to be largely responsible for the Iroquois hating the French.

Then in 1612, Champlain came back to France at which time he was granted control of the fur trade. The next year, he started a new journey to the western lakes but only made it as far as Allumette Island, located in the Ottawa River. However, in 1615, he joined forces with Etienne Brule, as well as a party of Huron on the way to the Georgia Bay on Lake Huron, heading to the southeast via Lake Ontario. He joined yet another Huron party on the way to fight an Onondaga village in what we know today as New York. However, this battle led to Champlain being injured, forcing him to stay with the Huron during the winter months.

From that time forward, Champlain spent his time tending to his colony. Taking the role as "governor", he finally persuaded Richelieu to found Company of One Hundred Associates. This company was to have one goal - overseeing the welfare of the colony. Then by 1629, the English captured Quebec, which resulted in Champlain living the next four years in exile in England. During this time, he worked on his third edition of Voyages de la Nouvelle France.

In 1632, New France was finally restored, which allowed Champlain to return. Two years later, he was responsible for sending Jean Nicolet to the west, which resulted in the French explorations being extended. In fact, claims as far as Wisconsin were made. Champlain certainly left his mark on history, known for fantastic voyages and publications. In 1635 on Christmas Day, Champlain finally died. Instead of being buried in England, his body was put to rest in Quebec.

PEDRO MENENDEZ DE AVILES

Pedro Menendez de Aviles was a Spanish sailor born in 1523. Aviles actually ran away from home when he was just 14 years old. With an impressive life, Aviles provided quality service to two Emperors, Charles V, and Maximilian, fighting under Marque letters against French fleets and pirates off the coastline. With such solid work, he was soon named Captain General of the route going to the West Indies. With that, he conquered Florida, making him a civil and military governor. Sadly, Aviles died in 1574 at just 51 years of age while preparing to join the armada sent by Philip II in opposition of England.

It all began when Spain became angry when it learned that France was developing a number of colonies in Florida. To drive the French away, Aviles was sent to take care of business. Being given permission to go, Aviles soon set sail with 11 ships and more than 2,000 sailors, soldiers, and their family. The original plan was to sail up the St. John's River toward Fort Caroline, which was a known French settlement. However, the French had used ships to block off the river's mouth so Aviles withdrew, sailing into a smaller harbor south of the intended goal.

Aviles and his men set up camp, which they called St. Augustine. However, just 800 or the 2,000 men made it to the Florida short so with the assistance of Timucuan Indians, a fort was built. Then in the late summer of 1565, the fort was officially named St. Augustine, which became the first permanent settlement in the entire country. Aviles' next move was to claim the entire state of Florida for Spain. Soon, Fort Caroline was threatened by Aviles and his men.

The French explorer, Jean Ribault, knew Aviles was building the St. Augustine fort. Therefore, he took advantage of the situation, taking with him a large number of men and ships to attack. However, the weather turned bad, with major storms hitting the coast. With this, Ribault's ships were all shipwrecked in the area we know today as Daytona Beach. Now the table turned with Aviles taking advantage of the situation, taking 500 men with him to Fort Caroline for attack. Since the French did not have enough men left behind to fight, most were killed while women and children were allowed to leave.

After successfully conquering the French fort, Aviles renamed it San Mateo. From there, Aviles and his men left to go back to the beaches where the remaining French soldiers who had survived the shipwreck were killed, which included Ribault. The only survivors were those claiming to be Catholic so Aviles let them go back to their country of France. The exact area where Aviles along with his men killed the soldiers on the beach was at that time, called Mantanzas, which translates in Spanish to "slaughters".

Then in 1569, there in the Mantanzas Inlet, Aviles constructed a fort and wooden watchtower. With this, his men could watch for British ships. Eventually, Aviles was named the first Spanish Colonial Governor of Florida. His goal was to ensure the entire state would fall under Spanish control. To accomplish this great feat, he started heavy exploration while establishing outposts all along the Atlantic coastline. Not too long after, the watchtower at Biscayne Bay and Cape Canaveral were also built. Aviles next move was to send two ships of settlers to today's Paris Island in South Carolina. Shortly after, additional settlers came. With so many forts up and down the coast, Aviles was actually responsible for helping the Spanish maintain control over Florida for a number of years.

PEDRO DE VALDIVIA

Born in Serena, Estremadura sometime around 1490, Pedro de Valdivia grew up to be a Spanish soldier. Prior to his death in Chili in 1554, Valdivia was involved in both the Flanders and Italy war. In fact, he accompanied Georg yon Spire on a trip to Venezuela and then served under Francisco Pizarro in Peru. He even participated in the campaign set against Almagro in 1537 at which time he was appointed as Mariscal. Then in 1538, Valdivia fought in the battle of Salinas. With that, Pizarro rewarded him with permission to conquer Chili.

As Valdivia was getting ready for his expedition, a man by the name of Pedro Sanchez de Hoz showed up in Spain with a royal grant in hand for the same country. To ensure there were no problems between Valdivia and Hoz, Pizarro advised them to join forces so in December of 1539, the two men indeed signed a contract that they would work together to conquer Chili instead of battling each other. Soon, Valdivia had gathered numerous adventurers and bought the needed arms for the trip.

Then in August or 1540, he met Hoz in the desert of Atcama who had also been busy pulling resources to include horses but no crew. Upset about this, the horses were sold, giving his share of money to Valdivia. Working together, the men decided to avoid going over the Andes, which had proven to be disastrous to Almagro's army, so they set out through the desert instead. For five months, they went through some very tough times when finally, they arrived in Mapocho, a beautiful valley. It was there hat Valdivia founded the city of Santiago in 1541.

When Valdivia received news that Pizarro had been assassinated, he appointed himself as governor over the territory. Then at the mouth of the Aconcagua River, he built a ship that would be sailed to Peru for more provisions but to calm a mutiny, he was forced to return quickly to Santiago. Once there, Valdivia marched against the Indians who were showing resistant to invaders and then defeated them at Cachapoal. The Indian's resistant became so powerful that the ship built in Aconcagua was completely, destroyed.

Then in 1542, Valdivia sent Alonso de Monroy and five other men to Peru to bring back reinforcements. However, Peru was undergoing tremendous disturbances because of Almagro being defeated by Vaca de Castro. Because of that, Monroy was not successful in getting much help. In fact, he returned to Valdivia in the fall of 1543 with only 70 horsemen and sent a vessel to the port of Aconcagua with ammunition and provisions. Over the next few years, Valdivia made progress in occupying the country and even founded the valley of Coquimbo, a town that he went on to call Serena. Valdivia was even successful in calming the country south of the Maule River.

However, Valdivia needed more resources if he was going to succeed in conquering Peru so in 1547 he received both aid and bad news of Gonzalo Pizarro's rebellion along with Nunez de Vela's defeat and death. In addition, Valdivia was given a letter from Pizarro that asked for his assistance. Valdivia knew that a royal commissioner by the name of De la Gasca was in Peru and that Pizarro's cause was probably a lost one. Even so, Valdivia offered his services to the royal army, leaving Francisco de Villagra in charge of his government. Leaving in December of 1547 for Peru, he was actually received well by President Gasca and provided with a good place within the army. Many people believed that Valdivia was able to oppose the military of Crvajal and in fact, in the spring of 1548, the battle of Saesahuana was won.

Then feeling obligated to Pizarro's family, he voted for Gonzalo's execution. Because of his incredible services, he was rewarded with a royal confirmation for the title of governor. Valdivia was also rewarded with reinforcements and with that, he headed back to Chili in 1549. Upon arrival, he found the colony to be in a bad state. The Araucanians had become a problem. Dispatching a force led by Francisco de Aguirre across the Andes for more conquests, he again marched against the Indians, which resulted in victory.

Thereafter, areas were founded to include the city of Concepcion in the Bay of Talcahuano in 1550 and various towns such as Angel, Villarica, Valdivia, and more. Then in 1552, Valdivia sent Captain Geronimo de Alderete with a narrative of his exploits to Charles V, the Emperor. The cacique Colocolo advised the Araucanians to join efforts and with that, a general in chief was elected by the name of Caupolican. Falling on Spanish forces to the south, the fortress of Tucapel was destroyed in 1553.

Soon, Valdivia received word of his success while in Concepcion and thinking he would be able to subdue the rising with no problem, he headed south with only 50 mounted men. As they approached the ruins of the fortress, the Indians attacked. On that day in January of 1554, Valdivia was captured and while his former page, Lautaro, tried to come to his defense, Valdivia was eventually tortured and killed. His legacy is his vast education and incredible writing ability along with his mighty sword. Today, many of Valdivia's letters to the Emperor have been preserved in Indies' archives.

PEDRO DE ALVARADO

When it comes to explorers of South America, the list is long and impressive. For example, Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador who headed to Hispaniola in 1510 and sailed the Juan de Grijalva expedition in 1518. In addition, Alvarado was a chief lieutenant of Hernan Cortes during the conquest of Mexico. In the absence of Cortes, he took command over Tenochtitlan but being a brutal man, the natives rebelled although only briefly.

Alvarado was then sent out on another expedition by Cortes in 1523, at which time he conquered both Salvador and Guatemala. Interestingly, until his death in 1541, Pedro de Alvarado was the governor of Guatemala. When trying to take control of Mexico, Alvarado was faced with serious opposition but taking two separate voyages to Spain in 1527 and 1536, he grew in power, which was exercised to win control. As a result, many cities and a colony were established.

Then in 1534, Alvarado tried to share in the riches that Francisco Pizarro was taking from the Incan empire but unfortunately, this expedition to Ecuador was unsuccessful. Next, Alvarado sailed for the Moluccas in 1540, stopping on his way to Mexico. During his stay, Antonio de Mendoza and all his glorious tales of Marcos de Niza influenced and intrigued him. However, in 1541, the native people of Nueva Galcia revolted. To do his part, Alvarado fought against them in the Mixton War but leading an unorganized attack, he was accidentally killed.

At that time, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo took over control of the maritime expedition and Alvarado's wife, Dona Beatriz de la Cueva, became the new governor of Guatemala. Today, many articles and books have been written about Pedro de Alvarado and his quests for success and riches. Without doubt, he was a man with on a mission, but one that ended too soon.

PEDRO ALVAREZ CABRAL

Born in 1467, Pedro Alvarez Cabral was Portuguese navigator and a man surrounded by many questions. In 1500, a friend of Vasco da Gama was sent out by Manuel I, the head of a fleet heading to India, along with an officer named Bartolomeu Dias. Navigating the vessel, Cabral headed too far west, reaching the coast of Brazil instead, which was claimed for Portugal. Moving forward, other areas were reached to include Madagascar, Mozambique, and the Indian coast.

However, when they arrived in Calicut, trouble brewed over the establishment of a trading post, as well as the attempt of converting Muslims to Christianity. Although Cabral and his crew tried to bombard the city, he was forced to retreat in order to save all of his precious East Indian cargo. With all the ships heading back to Portugal full of riches, Cabral's method of diplomacy was met with a tremendous amount of criticism.

Making Cabral so fascinating is all the variations of this story. For example, one story is that he discovered the land of Brazil simply by being driven off course by ferocious storms. Others believe that the Spaniard Vicente Yanez Pinzon had already reached Brazil before Cabral and that Portuguese navigators had been there and wanting to obtain the land, were able to secure a revision of the pope's initial demarcation of the world into the zones of exploration for both Spain and Portuguese. However, if you consider the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, this would change the earlier line, placing Brazil in the Portuguese zone, something still being debated today.

Even so, Pedro Alvarez Cabral is known as being the principal discoverer of Brazil. The story most historians believe is that around 1526, King Emanuel fitted an expedition to Calicut, consisting of 13 ships. Cabral was appointed as commander in chief and taking a westerly course around the Canaries, he discovered Brazil. From there, it is believed that Cabral sailed on to India but lost about 50% of his crew. Even so, he landed at Calicut and after many negotiations with the Indian princes, he was successful in founding a factory there.

PANFILO DE NARVAEZ

Panfilo de Narvaez was born in 1470 and then died in 1528. As a man, Narvaez became a Spanish conquistador. At first, he served time in Jamaica. However, once his service was over, he assisted Diego de Velazquez in taking over Cuba. Then in 1520, Narvaez was sent by Velazquez to Mexico with the goal of forcing Cortes to give up.

However, Narvaez's force was quickly defeated, which resulted in him being captured and put in prison. After spending some time in prison, he was finally let go in 1521. Upon his release, Narvaez returned to Spain at which time Charles V commissioned him to both conquer and settle the state of Florida. Reaching Florida in the spring of 1528, Narvaez decided to send his fleet on to Mexico.

Then, Narvaez took 300 men with him and headed inland to Apalachee, which is located to today's Tallahassee. With this, they were focused on finding gold. Unfortunately, not only were they extremely disappointed in not finding gold but they were also bullied by the Native Americans. Therefore, they all turned back, heading to the coast.

Once Narvaez and his men reached the coast, they built a number of crude vessels out of whatever supplies and materials they could get their hands on. Boarding their "ships", they set sail for Mexico. However, Cabeza de Vaca and three of his companions became lost. What is unclear is whether they became lost off the coast of Texas or if they became lost after running into a band of hostile Native Americans.

MARTIN FERNANDEZ DE ENCISO

Born in Seville during the mid-15th century, Martin Fernandez de Enciso lived until 1525 but led an eventful life as an explorer, lawyer, and writer. Although Enciso headed to America, the exact date is unknown. However, historians do know that he settled on the island of Santo Domingo in 1508, making an excellent living as an attorney. In fact, he ended up with the title, "Baehiller y letrado".

During this time, Ojeda, a navigator, had just been granted the government for that part of America as well as east of the gulf of Uraba and isthmus of Darien. However, for his to gain possession of the land and develop colonies, he needed money. With that, Ojeda approached Enciso since he was known for being both wealthy and a man with an adventuring spirit. Soon, the two men agreed that Enciso would be given the title of Alcalde Mayor of Ojeda's government. In return, Enciso would provide the finances needed to stock a ship with provisions and a crew.

Unfortunately, Ojeda sailed to the gulf of Uraba, finding his friends had fallen to famine. Determined to return to Santo Domingo and hurry along the arrival of succors that Enciso had promised, he left Francisco Pizarro in charge of the new colony. Sixty days later, Enciso arrived in the harbor or Carthagena with a ship of provisions along with a number of stallions, 12 mare, boars, sows, spears, ammunition, swords, various other arms, and more than 150 men.

Once at Carthagena, Enciso was joined by a ship under the control of Pizarro that had left the gulf of Uraba 50 days after Ojeda left with the few remaining colonist who had survived the famine. The expedition involved shipwreck and even hostile savages but in 1510, they reached Darien. Once there, the men began erecting a city. However, Enciso provoked a mutiny by which trade with the Indians for gold was forbidden under pain of death, which was thrown out by Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

By 1512, Enciso set sail for Spain, bringing with him Balboa's conduct before the court. Following, Pedrarias Davila was appointed governor of Darien, being told to carry out justice between contestants. Enciso went with Davila as Alguacil Mayor and after arriving, obtained the right to demand payment of a large sum from Balboa as indemnity for all of the wrongs suffered. Then in 1515, Enciso was sent as an expedition's head to Cenu. Records tell us that they discovered large quantities of gold but did not have success in persuading or forcing the caciques to surrender to the King of Spain.

Soon after this event, Enciso returned to his country of Spain where he gave all of his time to organizing and publishing materials gathered while staying in the New World. In fact, one of these publications was a memoir that supported the commands established and those about to be established in the West Indies. This particular publication was met with great opposition from the Franciscans. Enciso became completely engrossed in his work, much that covered his theory and practice of pilotage. His most impressive work was a dissertation on the sphere to include tables of declination, method of the polar star height, construction of mariner's compass, and more.

Unfortunately, Enciso never knew the inaccuracies that resulted from his projections nor the trouble of representing a spherical figure on a plane surface. However, when it came to the geographical writing, these were extremely accurate. In fact, these contained the first description of the result of the Spanish exploration all the way to 1519.

MARTIN ALONSO PINZON

Martin Alonso Pinzon was a Spanish navigator born in Palos de Moguer in 1441. Descending from a family consisting of many seamen, he too soon became a skilled pilot. However, Pinzon eventually retired from service, becoming the senior partner of the Pinzon Brothers, a shipbuilding firm. In chronicles written by Francis Parkman, Pinzon, along with Cousin, sailed aboard the Dieppe in 1488. As they made their way along the African coastline, the ship ran into fierce storm, pushing them too far to the southwest. There, they came upon untouched land, finding the opening to a magnificent river.

When Pinzon and his crew returned back home but for some reason, his behavior became out of control, so much that Cousin was forced to file a formal complaint with the admiralty. With this, Pinzon was dismissed of his service but telling people about the discovery to Columbus while on his way back to Spain. For many years thereafter, Pinzon did not sail, choosing instead to practice business in Rome. At that time, he heard of Columbus' projects, which led him to inquiry more through the Holy Office. The result was that tithes were paid prior to the start of the 15th century by the country of Vinland. Having seen charts created by Norman explorers, Pinzon decided to trust Columbus.

While Pinzon was traveling back to Spain, Queen Isabella's advisors consulted with him, eager to learn more about the schemes set out by Columbus. His response to the Queen helped the Genoese navigator at the time when Columbus sought permission to arm three of his ships. To help, Pinzon contributed some of the finances. In addition, Pinzon commanded on of the ships called La Pinta but he was set on beating Columbus by sailing ahead of the other two ships and not listening to orders.

As soon as Pinzon could see land, he pretended that he discovered it first. Then in 1492, Pinzon separated from the expedition off the coast of Cuba to take control of the treasures found on the island. Then in 1493, Pinzon encountered Columbus again near Cape Monte Cristo. He explained to Columbus that he had left the expedition due to bad weather at which Columbus pretended to believe him. However, as they journeyed home again, Pinzon again pulled away in a storm off the Azores, making it possible for him to arrive prior to Columbus, thus staking claim to the discovery.

Unfortunately, Pinzon was taken to Galicia via hurricane where he had to stay for several days. As he waited, he requested to see the King. With that, he arrived in Palos the night that Columbus arrived, setting out immediately for Madrid, Spain. However, on his way, he received word from a messenger that he was forbidden to see the king. As you can imagine, Pinzon was angry and resentful of his failing health. Sadly, while in Palos de Moguer, Pinzon died just a few weeks later. Even so, his brothers, Vicente Yanze Pinzon and Francisco Martin continued exploration and navigation work after Martin died.

LOPE DE AGUIRRE

Lope de Aguirre was born in 1510 and then died in 1561. As a man, Aguirre served as a Spanish rebel and adventurer. Aguirre's focus was on colonial South America. Unfortunately, as a rebel, Aguirre was known for being involved in many violent and sedition events prior to joining his expedition with Pedro de Ursua in 1560, which headed to Maranon and the Amazon.

Lope de Aguirre was known for many things but probably most importantly, as being one of the men who overthrew and killed Ursua. After that killing, Aguirre killed Ursua's successor, a man by the name of Fernando de Guzman. After Guzman's death, Aguirre took command. On one expedition, Aguirre and his men reached the Atlantic. Historians believe this expedition was probably somewhere along the Orinoco River.

On his way, he wantonly laid waste to native villages. Then in 1561, Aguirre seized Margarita Island, holding it in sheer terror under his demeaning control. Afterwards, Aguirre crossed over to the mainland, trying to take Panama. With this, he openly proclaimed rebellion directly against the Spanish crown. However, becoming surrounded in Venezuela, Aguirre was desperate, choosing to murder his own daughter. Even so, Aguirre surrendered. However, he was still shot dead.

JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO

Juan Sebastian del Cano was born in 1476. As a Spanish navigator, Cano lived until 1526 at the age of 50. During his time as a navigator, Cano was the first to travel around the world by ship. Being under Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano commanded the ship Concepcion. Then after Magellan died in the Philippines, Cano took over command of this particular expedition.

Heading from the Philippines, Cano headed to the Molucca Islands. From there, he sailed many new waters finally arriving in Spain on the ship Victoria along with 18, loyal men, arriving in the early fall of 1522. Then three years later in 1525, Cano set sail on his second voyage, this time heading to Moluccas. Cano chose to use Magellan's route. Unfortunately, while on this expedition and crossing the Pacific Ocean, Juan Sebastian del Cano lost his life.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Juan Ponce de Leon was born in the province of Campos in 1460. Growing up to become a Spanish officer, he lived until the summer of 1521 when he died in Cuba. Coming from an Aragon family, he served against the Moors of Granada and according to some historians; he sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 to Hispaniola. However, other historians believe he only sailed with Nicolas de Ovando in 1502.

Regardless, de Leon was very active in the pacification of the country, soon becoming the governor of the province of Higuey, the location where natives had frequent activity with the people of the island. This island known as Borinquen went on to become today's Puerto Rico. After that, de Leon gained valuable information about the island. Finding it to be abundant of gold, he was granted permission to take control of it.

Then in 1508, de Leon sailed with 80 Spanish adventurers, as well as a few Indians. Within just a few days at sea, they arrived in Borinquen and was welcomed by the native Indians. Aguainaba, the primary cacique showed him the various areas of the island and while roaming about, he gathered several gold samples. At this, de Leon discovered something else - rich, fertile soil.

Just a year later, de Leon went back to Hispaniola with a report about his trip. With that, he was searching for re-enforcement but unfortunately, the current governor, Diego Columbus, sent Diego Ceron on the expedition. However, he sent de Leon on the expedition to serve as Ceron's lieutenant. With the protection of Ovando under the court of Spain, the governorship of Borinquen was claimed in 1510. Ceron was then sent to Hispaniola where the first city was constructed called Caparra.

Not long after, the Indians were distributed among the officers, the same as he had done while in Hispaniola. However, Aguainabo's brother and success also called Aguaninabo began fighting to banish all of the invaders. Unfortunately, he was defeated and the native Indians of Caribs were called to help but de Leon took control over the entire island. In the first part of 1512, de Leon was not given his rightful governorship but in poor health and suffering from a number of wounds, he decided to head out in search of the fountain of youth. He had learned from earlier reports from the Indians that this place was on an island known as Bimini.

Collecting as many followers and adventurers as he could, they set sail in the early part of 1512. With them, they took three caravels, leaving from San German. On the way, they made several stops on Bahamas islands and were told that the fountain of youth was actually further west. Then just a few days later, he landed in today's city of St. Augustine to the north. There, he discovered an abundance of vegetation so he called the island Florida Island. He then set sail again, following the coast to Corrientes. However, not finding the fountain of youth, de Leon headed back to Puerto Rico in the fall of that same year.

From there, de Leon sailed to Spain, obtaining the title of Adelantado of Bimini and Florida for him and his successors. By 1515, he left Seville with his three caravels, reaching Puerto Rico. Once there, he discovered that Caribs had been virtually overpowered by Spanish garrison. Determined to expel them, he stayed. While there, he also founded an island to the south known as the city of Ponce. In the early spring of 1521, de Leon decided to try again to conquer Florida. This time, he sailed with two vessels, leaving San German and landing about 50 miles to the south of his previous landing spot.

As he explored the land, he found warlike natives. Encountering them on several occasions, he had no choice but to re-embark, sadly losing just about all of the people that had accompanied him. Not wishing to return to Puerto Rico after being badly defeated, de Leon sailed to the island of Cuba where he would retire. Unfortunately, having been shot earlier with a poisoned arrow, he soon died of his wounds. His remains were taken to the city of San Juan de Puerto Pico where they reside in the San Jose Church. Today, you will find an erected monument in his honor.

JUAN FERNANDEZ

Born in 1536, this Spanish explorer and navigator was the one that discovered the Jan Fernandez Islands, along with the San Felix and San Ambrosio Islands among the Pacific islands. As you approach the San Fernandez Islands, you cannot help but feel a little overwhelmed by their beauty. You can only imagine what Fernandez must have felt on his unbelievable journey. Juan Fernandez was also the explorer who first discovered Robinson Crusoe Island in 1574. This particular discovery was dedicated to his land of Spain, thus naming the three primary islands Mas Afuera, known today as Alejandro Selkirk, Santa Clara, with the same name, and Mas a Tierra, today being the Robinson Crusoe Island.

As Fernandez followed the wishes of the Crown, he soon settled the islands, bringing with him some 60 Indians, chickens, and goats. Soon, the fur seals that lived on the island were killed and their natural oils extracted and sold in Peru for a lot of money. The ship that Fernandez used for shipping products eventually sank, causing him to lose all his capital. With this, the Crown denied him petition of supremacy when he arrived in Chile. By this time, Fernandez was old and tired, choosing to move to Quillota in Central Chile.

The islands Fernandez had discovered were terribly neglected by the Crown and they soon became a place for pirates and buccaneers to live and position themselves for attack on Peru and Chile. During this time, just a few visitors from ships would come so the goats that Fernandez had originally brought to the island multiplied. Almost 100 years later, a Jesuit by the name of Diego de Rosales arrived on the islands, stopping at Robinson Crusoe Island. Rosales stayed just a few days, long enough to plant vegetables and trees so crews of future ships could be fed.

As we look at the history of the Fernandez Islands, we see that a large number of explorers, sailors, and pirates stopped at Mas a Tierra during the 17th century. Of these, the most famous was the ship Cinque Ports when in 1704, Alexander Selkirk, just 24 years old, abandoned his ship after having a quarrel with the captain. Staying at Mas a Tierra Island, Selkirk lived there for four years and four months alone when finally, the British ship, Duke being commanded by Captain Woodes Rogers rescued him.

Then just a few years later, an author named Daniel Defoe heard about the woes of Selkirk, choosing to write about his great adventure. The outcome of his writings was the character of Robinson Crusoe that we have all come to know and love. Today, the only living mammal on the islands is the fur seal, which had earlier been exploited. With great efforts, we now see the seal thriving. Finally, during some seasons, you will be fortunate enough to see various species of the dolphin, particularly the Bottle Nose.

JUAN DIAZ DE SOLIS

Born in Lebrija, Spain in 1471, Juan Diaz de Solis was born. Becoming a Spanish navigator, Solis eventually died in 1516 in South America but not before leaving his mark on history. For starters, Solis sailed from Cadiz in 1506 with Vicente Yafiez Pinzon, being in command of a carvel and taking the same course that Christopher Columbus took from the Island of Guanajoz when trying to find new countries. Coming into the Gulf of Mexico, Solis discovered the Yucatan coast, along with the bay of Campeachy, known at that time as the Gulf of the Nativity. From that vantage point, he and his crew were able to enjoy the Curia mountain range.

The following year, Solis returned to Spain where the king appointed him, along with Collado and Amerigo Vespucci, council pilots that would reside over the king. At that time, it was decided that the exploration of the Atlantic Coast of South America would continue. Shortly after, Solis was appointed as commander. Leaving in 1508 from Sevlle with two carvefs, one of the ships was commanded by Yanez Pinzon. Heading out from Cape Verde islands, the vessels made it to Cape St. Augustine and then headed south.

Traveling on, they recognized the coastline and stopped at a number of points taking possession of the land in the name of Spain's king. As a part of this ritual, crosses were erected along their journey for each land claimed. Solis began fighting with Pinzon, making the decision to return to Spain. For some reason, the king deemed Solis guilty, ordering him to spend time in prison. However, he was found innocent, which resulted in him receiving 34,000 maravedis indemnity along with a number of distinctions. In addition, when Vespucci died, Solis was granted the title of Chief Pilot over the entire kingdom.

By 1515, Solis started another expedition, this time taking possession of South America. In October of that same year, he also sailed from Lepe in Spain with two ships, discovering several points on the coast as he entered Rio de Janeiro. From there, Solis sailed south where he discovered yet another island, which he named La Plata. Heading south yet again, he came upon land in a bay, which he named Bahia de los Perdios. On his way, he sailed past Cape Corrientes, stopping to visit the island of San Sebastian, which Solis chose to call Lobos. Then as he came into Nuestra SerSora de la Candelaria's port, he took possession again of the country in the name of Spain's king.

Soon after, Solis anchored in a wide river that he thought was an ocean arm. Because of that, he called it Sweet Sea but when he discovered it was not a part of the ocean but an actual river, he changed its name to Solis. Today, that same river is known as River Plate. As one of Solis' ships came into the river, he spotted Indians standing on the shoreline. There, he landed with a few of his sailors, interested in capturing several of the aboriginals to bring back to Spain as a gift for the king. However, he failed. Being ambushed, he and boat sailors were killed where the members of his crew onboard the ship could see them being roasted and eaten.

JUAN DE ONATE

Juan de Onate was born in 1550, growing up to be a renowned explorer and founder of the first European settlements in the upper Rio Grande valley of New Mexico. Juan's father, Cristobal de Onate, was a well-known Zacatecas mine owner and encomendero, a person able to use Indians as workers or to tax them. While in his early 20s, Juan led a number of different campaigns against the Chichimec Indians throughout the northern territory around Zacatecas. During this time, Juan was also busy prospecting silver.

In the newly conquered territory, Juan helped establish several missions. Eventually, he married Isabel de Tolosa Cortes Moctezuma who was a descendant of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma and conquistador, Hernan Cortes. After being married, Juan and Isabel had both a son and daughter. By 1595, Juan was awarded a contract by King Philip II of Spain, giving him permission to settle New Mexico.

While in New Mexico, Juan set about spreading Catholicism but unfortunately, a large group of colonists showed more interest in striking silver. Although it took some time, Juan was finally able to begin his expedition in 1598, fording the Rio Grande at the El Paso del Norte crossing, which was discovered by him that same year. In late May, he encountered the first of what would be many pueblos and by July, had set up his headquarters at San Juan, successfully extending the Camino Real more than 600 miles. Interestingly, the Camino Real remained the longest road in all of North America for several following centuries.

Juan began to explore much of the surrounding area, only validating his current position. Soon, the mission at San Francisco began construction, along with a special mission for the Indians of the area. However, riches were not immediately found as Juan and his followers were faced with a number of challenges to include desertion, dissent, and even mutiny. A group of Juan's men decided to explore the east, well beyond the Pecos pueblo, searching for herds of buffalo. Historians believe this group probably reached the Canadian River, not too far from today's site of Amarillo, Texas.

As Juan made his way to the Acoma pueblos to the west, on to Zuni and Hopi pueblos, one member of his party went all the way to the Arizona where silver ore was found. With this, the man staked his claim. However, when Juan returned to Acoma, a revolt broke out, costing 11 colonists their lives. Angry with the rebellious Indians, Juan punished them severely, even going as far as to kill two of them.

To try to bring prosperity to the colony, prospecting expeditions continued. Then in 1600, the colony was strengthened but with shortage of food and supplies, and being faced with harsh weather conditions, life was difficult. Then in the summer of 1601, Juan headed out to Quivira, looking for both wealth and an outlet to the sea. Following the Canadian River over the Texas Panhandle close to the Oklahoma border, he arrived in what most believe to be Kansas. Unfortunately, the Quivira settlements were a huge disappointment so they headed back.

During this particular expedition, the conditions in the New Mexico colony became worse due to the rebellious Indians, poor land, and not finding silver. Eventually, the colony was abandoned, although a few of Juan's faithful followers remained with him. As the deserters returned to Spain, they spoke openly about the deplorable conditions of the colony in New Mexico. Because of this, Spain's government set out to find out what was going on, specifically the treatment of the Indians by Juan. At this same time, Juan was busy with his final expedition, moving from the Zuni pueblos toward the Colorado River and then to the Gulf of California.

By 1606, Juan had been ordered by King Philip III to face allegations of abuse but for some reason, Juan was completely unaware that charges had even been brought against him. He left office in 1607 but only because of financial problems and the poor condition of the colony. Staying in New Mexico so he could witness the founding of Santa Fe, the King made the decision to continue supporting the colony. However, when a new governor took office in 1608, Juan was summoned to New Mexico. Even so, he would not face his accusers until 1613.

The charges filed included his using excessive force, hanging a couple of Indians, adultery, and executing deserters and mutineers. Juan's punishment included being fined and then banished from New Mexico where he could never return and banished from Mexico City for four years. For the majority of his remaining life, Juan worked hard to clear the charges with slight success. He would eventually make his way back to Spain, being given the position of mining inspector by the king. Then in June of 1626, Juan de Onate died.

HERNAN CORTES

Hernan Cortes was born in 1458, living a full life until 1547. During his prime, Cortes was a Spanish conquistador in search of Mexico. In 1504, Cortes headed to Hispaniola. Then seven years later, he accompanied Diego de Velazquez on another expedition, this time to Cuba. With hard work, he was chosen in 1518 to head up another expedition back to Mexico. While Velazquez later tried to recall this commission, he set sail anyway the following year.

While in Yucatan, Cortes was rescued by a Spaniard who he learned had mastered the Mayan language. Then after a victory over Tabasco's native people, Cortes secured the services of a female slave by the name of Malincha who knew both the Mayan and Aztec language. Heading up the coastline, Cortes founded Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. Shortly after, he was appointed as Captain General, discarding Velazquez's authority. With that, Cortes became accountable only to Charles V.

Learning that the Aztec Empire of Montezuma was in trouble, he became the deliverer, rallying the Totonacs to his aid. In addition, Cortes started negotiations with Montezuma. Cutting holes in his ships, Cortes tried to stop any of Velazquez's sympathizers returning to Cuba. Then his most famous march to Tenochtitlan, which is today's Mexico City, to the Aztec Empire's capital. There, the Tlaxcalan warriors were defeated and a new alliance formed with the republic of Tlaxcala, which virtually destroyed Cholula.

Arriving in Tenochtitlan in 1519, Cortes accepted Montezuma as being descendants of the Spanish. He believed they were the god of Quetzalcoatl. Taking the opportunity, Cortes literally took Montezuma hostage, trying to become the "governor" over the people and the region. By the spring of 1520, Cortes headed to the coast. This time, a force led by Panfilo de Narvaez was defeated. With Alvarado left in command, many of the Aztec Indians were massacred. Shortly thereafter, the Aztecs besieged the Spanish. Unfortunately, Montezuma was killed in the ensuing battle. Trying to find safety, the Spanish made their way out of the city but not without huge losses.

Still in a retreat mode, an Aztec army was defeated at Otumba. Then, Cortes retired to Tlaxcala. The following year, Cortes headed an attack on the capital. After a three-month battle, Tenochtitlan finally fell. Sadly, with this fall, the Aztec empire also fell. Cortes was the Captain General so he lengthened the conquest by sending various expeditions to various parts of Mexico, as well as northern Central America. From 1524 to 1526, Cortes headed to Honduras, at which time he killed Cuauhtemoc, who was the Aztec emperor.

During his absence, Cortes' enemies slowly became triumphant. However, once he returned, his power became fictitious. Interesting, while he visited Spain in1528, Cortes was given the title of Marques del Valle de Oaxaca. However, Charles V still refused to give him the title of governor. Even so, Cortes headed to Mexico where he sent out maritime expeditions vainly, being frustrated numerous times by Nuno de Guzman. Quarreling with the Viceroy named Antonio de Mendoza; Cortes tried for justice in Spain again in 1540. However, he was not supported by the court and soon died.

JUAN DE GRIJALVA

Born around 1489, Juan de Grijalva was a true adventurer and Spanish conquistador. Heading to Hispaniola in 1508 and Cuba in 1511, Grijalva was actually one of the earliest explorers to reach the shores of Mexico, defeating the Aztecs and conquering the country. In fact, the city of Rio Grijalva in Mexico was named after him. In 1518, Grijalva sailed with 170 people to Cuba, which was written about in Bernal Diaz del Castillo's book, along with many other accomplishments.

Originating in Cuellar, Spain, Grijalva had an exciting life that left an important mark on history. The governor of Cuba, which was Grijalva's uncle Velasquez, had given him the command to sail four vessels to Yucatan in 1518 to explore what Fernandez de Cotdora had already discovered. Although he battled with Indians where Cordova was defeated, he continued moving west close toward land. As he advanced, Grijalva found the land to be populated and cultivated, which was later deemed by others as New Spain.

Going deeper into the country, he finally ascended the River of Tabasco, moving further along the coastline. Grijalva began trading with the people, learning he was indebted for his reception to powerful monarch orders known as Montezuma. As Grijalva saw such rich countries, he felt inspired to take possession from them. However, being restrained by orders coming down from Velasquez not to develop settlements, he still decided to send a vessel on to Cuba with information about his amazing discoveries and some of the precious metals had had collected during his travel.

As Grijalva sailed further north, he decided to return to Havana, arriving in November. Upon arrival, he noticed that a neighboring harbor was making preparations for yet another expedition. Thinking he had been given command to set sail again, Grijalva was surprised when Velasquez angrily approached him, upset that he had not planted colonies. The new expedition was given to Cortes, another explorer instead of Grijalva. After that, G